5 Introduction To C

Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Module-2
STARTING OF C
HISTORY OF C
• The C programming language is a
structure oriented programming
language, developed at Bell
Laboratories in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.
• C programming is most widely used
programming language even today.
• C programming is the basis for all
programming languages.
• In 1978, Dennis Ritchie and Brian

Kernighan published the first edition “The
C Programming Language” and commonly
known as K&R C
• In 1983, the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) established a committee to
provide a modern, comprehensive
definition of C.
• The resulting definition, the ANSI standard,
or “ANSI C”, was completed late 1988.
• All other programming languages were

derived directly or indirectly from C
programming concepts.
• In this module we explain all basic
concepts in C like history of C language,
data types, keywords, constants,
variables, operators, expressions, control
statements, array, pointer, string, library
functions, structures and unions etc.
Structured Oriented
• In this type of language, large programs are
divided into small programs called functions
• Prime focus is on functions and procedures
that operate on the data
• Data moves freely around the systems from
one function to another
• Program structure follows “Top Down
Approach”
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
/* Our first simple C basic program */
printf(“Hello World! ”);
getch();
return 0;
}
S.no Command Explanation

This is a preprocessor command that includes
#include
1 standard input output header file(stdio.h) from
<stdio.h>
the C library before compiling a C program
This is the main function from where execution
2 int main()
of any C program begins.
This indicates the beginning of the main
3 {
function.
/ whatever is given inside the command “/* */”
4 *_some_com in any C program, won’t be considered for
ments_*/ compilation and execution.
printf(“Hello_ printf command prints the output onto the
5
World! “); screen.
This command waits for any character input
6 getch();
from keyboard.
This command terminates C program (main
7 return 0;
function) and returns 0.
8 } This indicates the end of the main function.
Steps to write C programs and

get the output:
Basic structure of C program:

• Structure of C program is defined by set of
rules called protocol, to be followed by
programmer while writing C program.
• All C programs are having sections/parts which
are mentioned below.
• Documentation section
• Link Section
• Global declaration section
• Main function
/* 1-Documentation section
Sum of two nos
*/
#include <stdio.h> /* 2-Link section */
int total = 0; /* 3-Global declaration and

definition section */
int main () /* 4-Main function */

{
int a,b,total=0;
printf (“This is a C basic program \n”);
printf(“Enter 2 nos”);
scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);
total = a+b;
printf (“Sum of two numbers : %d \n”, total);
return 0;
}
S.No Sections Description
We can give comments about the program, creation

or modified date, author name etc in this section. The
characters or words or anything which are given
Documentation between “/*” and “*/”, won’t be considered by C
1
section compiler for compilation process. These will be
ignored by C compiler during compilation.
Example : /* comment line1 comment line2 comment
3 */
Header files that are required to execute a C

2 Link Section
program are included in this section
Global Global variables are defined in this section. When a
3 declaration variable is to be used throughout the program, can
section be defined in this section.
Every C program is started from main function and
4 Main function this function contains two major sections called
declaration section and executable section.
printf()
• printf() function is used to print the “character,
string, float, integer, octal and hexadecimal
values” onto the output screen.
• We use printf() function with %d format specifier
to display the value of an integer variable.
• Similarly %c is used to display character, %f for
float variable, %s for string variable, %lf for
double and %x for hexadecimal variable.
• To generate a new line, we use “\n” in printf()
statement.
scanf()
• scanf() function is used to read character,
string, numeric data from keyboard.
• The format specifier %d is used in scanf()
statement. So that, the value entered is
received as an integer and %s for string.
• Ampersand is used before variable name
“ch” in scanf() statement as &ch.
Note:
• C language is case sensitive. For
example, printf() and scanf() are different
from Printf() and Scanf().
• All characters in printf() and scanf()
functions must be in lower case.
Standard Headers you should know

about
– stdio.h – file and console (also a file) IO: perror, printf,
open, close, read, write, scanf, etc.
– conio.h – clrscr(),getch() etc.
– stdlib.h - common utility functions: malloc, calloc,
strtol, atoi, etc
– string.h - string and byte manipulation: strlen, strcpy,
strcat, memcpy, memset, etc.
– ctype.h – character types: isalnum, isprint,
isupport, tolower, etc.
– errno.h – defines errno used for reporting system errors
– math.h – math functions: ceil, exp, floor, sqrt, etc.
– signal.h – signal handling facility: raise, signal, etc
– stdint.h – standard integer: intN_t, uintN_t, etc
– time.h – time related facility: asctime, clock, time_t
32 KEYWORDS
• auto double int struct
• break else long switch
• case enum register typedef
• char extern return union
• const float short unsigned
• continue for signed void
• default goto sizeof volatile
• do if static while
VARIABLES
• They are used to store the values.
• They must start with a alphabet and then forward
to any number of alphabets and numbers.
• No special character is used to declare a variable
name except underscore symbol.
• E.g. x1,xyz, x_1 all are correct but 1x, 8y are
incorrect.
• No keyword is also used for variable name like
int float etc.
DATA TYPES
• One printf can print several lines by using

additional newline characters.
• Each time the \n (newline) escape sequence is

encountered, output continues at the beginning
of the next line
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• void main()
• {
• printf(“Hello class \n”);
• getch();
• }
• o/p=Hello class
_
Constants and Variables

• Constant
– A data element that never changes in your program
• 5, 62.37, 4.219E-6
• i = j + 7; /* which one is the constant? */
• first_letter = ‘a’; /* which one is the constant? */
• Variable
– A data element that can take on different values
• Its name represents a location (address) in memory 
– i = j + 7; /* which are variables? */
– second_letter = ‘b’; /* which is the variable? */
• Values are ‘assigned’ using a single equal sign ( = )
– Read the statement: i = j + 7;
• In maths we write
• x+y=10; so here x and y are variables and
10 is constant.
• What are the possible values for x and y??

Addition of two nos
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• void main()
• {
• int a,b,c;
• printf(“enter two nos:”);
• scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);
• c=a+b;
• printf(“sum is =%d\n”,c);
• getch();
• }
• We can also write the printf statement as

• printf(“sum of %d and %d is %d ”, a,b,c);
• One more way to write this is;

• printf(“ %d + %d is %d \n” ,a,b,c);
Wap to calc square and cube

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“enter a no:”);
scanf(“%d ”,&a);
b=a*a;
printf(“square is=%d\n”,b);
b=a*b;
printf(“Cube is=%d\n”,b);
getch();
}
Assignment of values
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10,b,c; //here abc are variables and 10 is
constant
printf(“enter a no:”);
scanf(“%d ”,&b);
a=b;
c=a;
printf(“%d %d %d\n”a,b,c);
getch(); }

5 Introduction To C

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5 Introduction To C

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Amity School of Engineering & Technology

• In 1978, Dennis Ritchie and Brian

• All other programming languages were

S.no Command Explanation

Steps to write C programs and

Basic structure of C program:

int total = 0; /* 3-Global declaration and

int main () /* 4-Main function */

S.No Sections Description

We can give comments about the program, creation

Header files that are required to execute a C

Standard Headers you should know

• One printf can print several lines by using

• Each time the \n (newline) escape sequence is

Constants and Variables

• What are the possible values for x and y??

• We can also write the printf statement as

• One more way to write this is;

Wap to calc square and cube

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