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Concepts of Toxicology
We Will Be Using
Throughout This Course
EDITED BY :
SYAFRIADIMAN
Units Used to Measure
Chemicals
in the Environment
• PPM – Parts per million
1m
1m
Is formed of 1,000,000 cubes,
1 cubic centimeter each
100cm
In 1 m3 block
1cc = 1ppm
100cm
One part per million is
• 1 inch in 16 miles
• 1 minute in two years
• 1 cent in $10,000
• 1 ounce of salt in 31 tons of potato
chips
• 1 bad apple in 2,000 barrels of apples
Divide each 1cc block into
1,000 blocks 0.1cm on a side
1cm In 1 m3 block
0.001cm3 =
0.001cc or
1ppb
1cm
One part per billion is
• 1 inch in 16,000 miles
• 1 second in 32 years
• 1 cent in $10,000,000
• 1 pinch of salt in 10 tons of potato chips
• 1 lob in 1,200,000 tennis matches
• 1 bad apple in 2,000,000 barrels of
apples
And divide each 0.1cc block
into 1,000 blocks 0.01cm on
a side
0.1cm 0.01cm x 0.01cm
x 0.01cm =
0.000001cm3
0.1cm In 1 m3 block .
000,000,001m3 =
0.000,001cc or
1ppt
0.1cm
One part per trillion is
• 1 postage stamp in the area of the city of
Dallas
• 1 inch in 16 million miles (more than 600
times around the earth)
• 1 second in 320 centuries
• 1 flea on 360 million elephants
• 1 grain of sugar in an Olympic sized pool
• 1 bad apple in 2 billion barrels
Important Concept
1 cc = 1ml = 1g
Which means that
1 liter of water = 1 kg
1 mg / kg = 1 ppm
1 mg / liter = 1 ppm
Measures of Toxicity
LD50
The amount (dose) of a chemical which
produces death in 50% of a population of test
animals to which it is administered by any of
a variety of methods
mg/kg
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance
per kilogram of animal body weight
Measures of Toxicity:
The Median Lethal
Concentration
LC50
The concentration of a chemical in an
environment (generally air or water) which
produces death in 50% of an exposed
population of test animals in a specified time
frame
mg/L
Normally expressed as milligrams of substance
per liter of air or water (or as ppm)
Primary Routes of Exposure
to Pesticides
There are three primary routes by which
organisms are exposed to pesticides
Oral
Dermal
Inhalation
Primary Routes of Exposure:
Oral Exposure
Acute
Chronic
Subchronic
Duration of Exposure:
Acute Exposure
Safe
Low Risk
Signal Words
The relative acute toxicity of a pesticide is
reflected on the label in the form of a “signal
word”