CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

CEM 571

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 Temporary Works
1. Formwork
2 2. Shoring & Scaffolding
3. Trench support system
4. Underpinning
 Temporary Works
1. Formwork
3 2. Shoring & Scaffolding
3. Trench support system
4. Underpinning
 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of lectures, student will be able to :

 Identify the functions of formworks. (CO1; PO2)

 Explain the requirements of a good formwork.
(CO3:PO6)
 Identify the suitable materials and their
advantages/disadvantages for formworks. (CO3;
PO6)

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 FORMWORK
“Is a mould or box into
which wet concrete can be
poured and compacted so
that it will flow and finally
set to the inner profile of the
box or mould”.
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FORMWORK
 Purpose – to contain freshly placed and
compacted concrete until it has gained
enough strength to be self-supporting
 to produce a concrete member of the
required shape and size
 to produce the desired finish to the
concrete
 May be describe as a mould or box
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General design of formwork
1. sufficiently rigid to prevent undue
deflection during the placing of the
concrete
2. Sufficient strength to carry the working
load and the weight or pressure of the wet
concrete and to withstand incidental
loading and vibration of the concrete
3. Set to line and level within the specified
tolerance and include any camber (bend)7
which may be required
General design of formwork
4. joints should be sufficiently tight to prevent
loss of mortar from the concrete
5. size of panels or units should permit easy
handling
6. design should permit and orderly and simple
method of erection and striking
7. Arrangement of panels should be such that
they are not ‘trapped’ during striking and it
should be possible to strike side from beams
without disturbing the soffit formwork 8
 General formwork requirement

1. Should be strong enough to support the load of wet

concrete which is generally considered to be
approximately 2400 kg/m3
2. It must not be able to deflect under load which would
include the loading of wet concrete, self weight and any
superimposed loads such as operatives and barrow
runs over the formwork
3. It must be accurately set out.
 Concrete being a fluid when placed, it will take up the
shape of the formwork which must therefore be of the
correct shape, size and in the right position
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General formwork requirement

4. It must have grout-tight joints.

 Grout leakage can cause honey-combing of
the surface or produce fins which have to be
removed.
 The making good of defective concrete
surfaces is both time consuming and costly.
 Grout leakage can be prevented by using
sheet materials and sealing the joints with
flexible foamed polyurethane strip or by
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using a special self adhesive tape
 A worker on the project greases the joints between
Boards to ensure they are grout-tight. 11
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Extension pipe bridges with the formwork

Material for formwork
 Main requirements:-
 Hardness
 Permeability
 Surface texture

 Formwork facing material:-

 Timber
 Plywood
 Steel
 Concrete
 Glass-reinforced plastic
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 Hardboard
 Expanded polystyrene
Formwork linings
 To obtain smooth patterned or textured
for surfaces
 Inside of form can be lined with various
materials such as oil-tempered
hardboard, moulded rubber, moulded
PVC and glass fibre reinforced polyester

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Timber formwork
 Basic standard qualities:-
 Reasonable price and availability
 Should not be so soft
 Should be easily worked by hand or machine
and nailed easily
 Should be stiff to avoid deflection
 Should be stable when exposed to sun or
rain
 Should reduce defects
 Not suitable for green timber 15
 Moisture content not less than 20%
Advantages of timber formwork
 More economic
 Easy to handle and formed into required
shape
 Maximum re-use
 Easy to fix insert

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Disadvantages of timber
formwork
 Not enough strength as compared to
steel formwork to carry large pressure.
 Excessive shrinkage due to temperature
changes.
 Leakage through joints and apertures.
 Easily damage during fixing and
dismantling of formwork.
 The pattern of grain, knots, bad flaws will
leave imprint to the face of concrete. 17
PLYWOOD
 Strong and light
 Supplied in sheets - 1.2m wide
 Standard length – 2.4m, 2.7m or 3.m
 Thickness – from 3mm to 19mm
 Thickness for lining or curved work – 16
mm or less

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plywood formwork

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ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD
FORMWORK
 Large panel
 Leakproof
 Large level surface
 No casting or cupping of surface –
smooth surface
 Can be nailed to edges without splitting
 High resistance to impact loads
 Available in several thickness 20
Disadvantages of plywood
formwork
 Grain pattern on concrete face
 Less durable
 More expensive compared to timber

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 Metal formwork - STEEL
 Based on manufacturer pattern
 Double uses compare to timber, i.e. 30 or 40 uses
 Produce smooth, variable colour concrete surface
ADVANTAGES
 Able to carry large concrete weight and pressure.

 Can be erected, disassembled, moved, and re-erected rapidly

using proper handling equipment available.
 Leakage can be avoided.
 No shrinkage due to temperature changes.

 Easy to fix the joint with bolt and nut.

 Economic if there are enough re-uses.

DISADVANTAGES 22
 Limited to the shape of the structure.

 Standard steel unit are too heavy and difficult to handle.

Metal formwork
ALUMINIUM
 Selection of type and grade is important
 Based on environment
 Due to degradation and corrosion when
subjected to marine environments
 Need special release agent

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PLASTIC
 rigid form – when form is not suitable
using timber or steel (thermo-formed)
 flexible form – for lining material for
mould faces
 Provide high quality surface finish
 Disadvantages – impermeable and need
special release agent
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GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED
PLASTIC (GRP)
 Strong and light weight
 Use to produce a high quality surface
finish, eg. Sculpture profile and repetition
 Comprises of polyester resin reinforced
with glass fiber
 Thickness varies from 5 to 16 mm
 Can be used more than 100 times if
handle with care
 Disadvantages similar with plastic 25
formwork
SURFACE TREATMENT

 Types of release agent – to

avoid defects
1. Neat oil with or without surfactant
2. Mould cream emulsion
3. Chemical release agent
4. Wax
5. Barrier paint
6. Water phased emulsion
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DEFECTS
 Two types of common defects:-
 Blow holes
– small holes less than 15mm in diameter
- Caused by trapped air between the formwork
and concrete face
 Uneven color
 Caused by irregular absorption of water from the
wet concrete by the formwork material

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Common failures of formwork
 Dimensional inaccuracy
 Lifting of single faced forms
 Inadequate of props
 Loss of material –ties or props
incorrectly spaced
 Surface blemishes

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Types of formwork
 Foundation
 Column
 Beam
 Slab
 Wall
 Climbing
 Sliding
 Permanent
 System
 Table 29
30
75 mm high
kicker

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skydeck slab formwork

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Concrete formwork and column
steel reinforcing

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Formwork

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STRIKING OF FORMWORK
The period before striking is depend on:-
 Concrete used
 Weather and exposure of the site
 Any subsequent treatment to be given to the
concrete
 The method of curing and other factors

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STRIKING OF FORMWORK
 Only when concrete is strong enough
and able to carry imposed load
 Soffit forms to beam and slabs must be
left in place longer than the side forms
 Should be with care and slowly to avoid
damage and shock load on the partly
hardened concrete

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 Concrete treatment
Stops Freeze/ Thaw Damage
Improves Overall Strength, Density
and Hardness
Reduces Maintenance Costs for Aged
Concrete
Fills voids and capillaries restricting
moisture travel from both below and
above the slab. Waterproofs concrete
completely.
By filling the internal and surface cavities
with an insoluble gel, the sealer increases
the density of the mix and strengthens
the total structure. Additionally the
compound protects the encapsulated re-
enforcing steel from corrosion and
future destruction.
High traffic surfaces resist abrasion
damage longer. Top-coated materials
retain their bonding properties for a
greater length of time. Migration of49
corrosive salts are reduced. Life of
flooring adhesives are greatly prolonged
Duration for f/work removing
location Surface or air
temperature of concrete
16°C 17°C
Vertical f/work 12 hrs 18 hrs
Slab soffit (props left under) 4 days 6 days
Removal of props 10 days 15 days
Beam soffit (props left 10 days 15 days
under)
Removal of props 14 days 21 days
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Curing
 Means controlling the moisture content and the
temperature of the concrete after placing
 Important to develop concrete strength
 Excessive evaporation may cause multiple surface
cracks – wind cracking or plastic cracking
 Should start immediately after the removal of f/work
 Most effective method of curing – cover with water
proof sheets (building paper, polythene, damp
sand, damp sawdust or wet cloth)
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General equipments
 Standard adjustable steel prop
 Consist of two tubular section
 One with 150mm square base and other
with slides in it
 Fitted with square or beam type head
(braced plate 350 mm long) to give a stable
support

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General equipments
 Adjustable hanging bracket
 Used to hang a ledger from a beam or wall
 Some need to be used with folding wedges
to enable the forms to be set and released
 Adjustable steel column/beam clamp
 Pins engaging holes through the bracket and
horizontal beam
 Fine adjustment by screw clamp
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General equipments

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