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Last lecture
• Geometric optic view of waveguide, numeric aperture
• Symmetric planar dielectric Slab waveguide
• Modal and waveguide dispersion in palnar waveguide
• Rectangular waveguide, effective index method
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Today
• Fiber modes
• Fiber Losses
• Dispersion in single-mode fibers
• Dispersion induced limitations
• Dispersion management
• The Graded index fibers
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Solution:
2a 2 V2
V (n1 n22 )1/ 2 91.44, M 4181,
2
2. What should be the core radius of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.468 and the
cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:
2a 2
V (n1 n22 )1/ 2 2.4, a < 2.1m
3. Calculate the mode field diameter of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.458 and
the cladding index of 1.452 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:
Fiber loss
• Material absorption
silica electron resonance <0.4m
OH vibrational resonance ~ 2.73 m
Harmonic and combination tones ~1.39 m
1.24 m, 0.95 m
• Rayleigh scattering
Local microscopic fluctuations in density
C
C~, 0.8dB/km m4
4
0.14dB loss @ 1.55m
d 2n
Dm ( 2 ), g Dm L ,
c d
Solution:
Solution:
d 2 (Vb)
V 0.26,
dV 2
n2 (n1 n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
Dw V 1.9 ps /( nm km),
c dV 2
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
g
( Dm Dw ) ,
L
1
B , f 3dB 0.7 B,
2 1/ 2
• Bandwidth length product
0.25
BL ,
D
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
• Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Gaussian Pulse:
1 t ~ 2T02 1
A(0, t ) A0 exp[ ( ) 2 ], A(0, ) A0 (2T0 ) exp(
2 1/ 2
), 0 ,
2 T0 2 T0
dk 1 d 2k
k ( ) k 0 | ( 0 ) | ...,
d 0 2 d 2 0
k ( ) d d 2 1
( ) 0 | 0 ( 0 ) |
2 0
... 0 1 2 ( ) 2 ...,
c d d 2
~ ~ i
A( z , ) A(0, ) exp( 2 z ),
2
1 ~ i A0 1
2
A( z , t ) A ( 0, 0 ) exp( 2 z ) d exp[ 2
],
2 Q( z ) 2T0 Q ( z )
i 2 z 2 z 2 1/ 2
Q( z ) 1 , T ( z ) [1 ( ) ] T0 ,
T02 T02
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
• Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Prechirped Gaussian Pulse:
~ 2T02 1/ 2 2T02 (1 iC ) t 2
A(0, ) A0 ( ) exp( ), A(0, t ) A0 exp[ ( ) ],
1 iC 2(1 iC ) 2 T0
~ ~ i 2T02 1/ 2 2T02 2 iCT0 2
2
A( z, ) A(0, ) exp( 2 z ) A0 (
2
) exp[ ],
2 1 iC 2(1 C 2 ) (1 C 2 )
1
0 (1 C 2 )1/ 2 ,
T0
1 ~ i A0 1
A( z , t )
2 A ( 0, 0 ) exp(
2
2 z ) d
Q( z )
exp[
2T0
2
Q ( z )
],
(C i ) 2 z C 2 z 2 2 z 2 1 / 2
Q( z ) 1 2
, T ( z ) [(1 2
) ( 2 ) ] T0 ,
T0 T0 T0
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
1. Prechirp
Dispersion Management
Examples:
1. What’s the dispersion limited transmission distance for a 1.55m light wave system making
use of direct modulation at 10Gb/s? D = 17ps(km-nm). Assume that frequency chirping
broadens the guassian-shape by a factor of 6 from its transform limited width.
Solution:
1
TFWHM 5 10 11 ( s ), T0 TFWHM / 1.66 3 10 11 s,
2B
1
0 (1 C 2 )1/ 2 , C 5.9,
T0
2c
D 2 2 , 2 24 ps / km,
2
C 2 z 2 2 z 2 1 / 2
T ( z ) [(1 2
) ( 2 ) ] T0 T0 ,
T0 T0
z 12km,
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
D1 L1 D2 L2 0
• Approaches
d 2n
Dm ( 2 ),
c d
• longer wavelength has
a larger index.
d 2 1 dn
,
dz 2
n d
D1 L1 D2 L2 0
0 cos( pz ) 0 ' sin( pz ),
• Approaches
p (2 / a 2 )1/ 2 , z 2 / p,
Only valid for paraxial approximation
General case Intermode dispersion
n1
L 2 ,
20 3c
Calculate the BL product of a grade index filber of 50m core with refractive index of n1 =
1.480 and n2 = 1.460. At 1.3 m.
Solution:
n1 0.25 L
L 2 0.026ns, BL 9.6Gbs 1km,
20 3c