1 © NOKIA WCDMA Fundamentals - PPT/10.06.2003 / NN

WCDMA Fundamentals
MODULE 1
1 © NOKIA WCDMA Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN

Module Objectives
At the end of this modul the participant will be able to:
• Describe the usage of screambling and channalisation codes
• Describe how different bit rates can be achieved
• Describe how the capacity and coverage are connected to each others
• Describe different Handover types
• Describe Power Control procedures
• Explain the tasks of Admission Control, Load Control, Packet Scheduler and
interconnections between them

IMT-2000 frequency allocations
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
IMT-2000 ITU IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Satellite
UMTS
Mobile
Satellite
UMTS
DECT
Mobile
GSM
1800 (FDD) Europe (FDD)
(TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Satellite
Satellite
Mobile
Mobile
Japan
PHS
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
IMT-2000
unlicensed
Satellite
USA
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
PCS
PCS
PCS

UMTS & GSM Network Planning
G S M 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 : 3 G (W C D M A ):

Hierarchical Cell Structure
1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2 F1
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs

Differences between WCDMA & GSM
High bit rates
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Spectral Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
efficiency frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Different Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
quality scheduling scheduling with GPRS
requirements Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
capacity applied
Efficient
packet data
WCDMA Technology
WCDMA
Carrier
Frequency
3 .8 4 M H z
5 M Hz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1
Air Interface
di ng
s pr ea +1
De -1
+1
Data
-1

Energy Box
Originating Bit Received Bit
nd
Power
Ba
cy
en
qu
e
Fr
Duration
(SF)
Energy pro bit = const

Spreading & Processing Gain
Bit rate
R
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
R  SF  const  W  3.84 Mchip

sec
BU u W
G p  dB     SF
BBaerer R Gp:
BUu:
processing gain
system chip rate
BBearer: bearer symbol rate
SF: spreading factor

Processing Gain Examples
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98
dB
• Spreading sequences have

a different length
Frequency (Hz)
• Processing gain depends
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) on the user data rate
R
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Power density (W/Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power
High bit rate user
Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user
Time

Cell load
• Max. recommended load: 70%, typically 30-50%
• 50% load means 3 dB loss in link budget
25
20
Loss (dB)
15
10
0 Load
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

DL & UL Channalisation Codes
• Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
• SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
• SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
• Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0
• Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed, e.g. downlink channels under one cell, uplink
channels from a single user; uplink signals from different users are not time
synchronised.
• Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment

Channelisation Code Tree
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=256 SF=512
C8(0)=[11111111] C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C4(0)=[1111]
C16(2)=[............]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16(5)=[............]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C16(6)=[............]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C16(7)=[............]
C0(0)=[1]
C16(8)=[............]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C16(9)=[............]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C16(10)=[...........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C16(13=[...........]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C16(14)=[...........]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(15)=[...........]

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Half rate speech

Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps

DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes
• Pseudo noise codes used for cell separition
• Generated with the shift register of length 18 (218-1=262 143 codes can be generated)
• The first 8192 first codes from 262 143 code set are exclusively used in DL, they are
organised into hierarhical groups:
• 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
• 512·15 Secondary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
• Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated:
• Long scrambling codes created from the Gold pseudo-noise sequence (length of 38 400
chips)
• Short scrambling codes generated by the quaternary S(2) pseudo-noise sequence (256
chips are periodicaly repeted to get the scrambling code of the frame length)
• For the common physical channels long scrambling codes must be used
• For the dedicated channels both long an dshort scrambling codes can be used

Screambling Codes & Multipath
Propagation
Sprambling
code C1
+1 
3
C1+2 C2
C1 + Sprambling
1
code C2

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Output
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-2
Rx Finger
t
Code used
Delay 1
Delay 2
Delay 3
for the
connection

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

DL Spreading
I Branch
Serial
Physical to channalisation
I+jQ To the modulator
Channel Parallel
conversion
Complex
scrambling
and
power weighting
Q Branch

DL Modulation
Degrees and Bits:
'1' '0'
180° 0°
I Branch Bit combinations in Radio Path:
'10' '00'
135° 45°
Oscillator
Spreaded I/Q RF Out

Information split
90° Phase Shift
'11' '01'
225° 315°
Q Branch
Degrees and Bits:
'1' '0'
90° - 90°

UL Spreading
I Branch
Data part power

channalisation weighting
Physical I+jQ To the modulator
Channel
Control part power
channalisation Complex
weighting scrambling
Q Branch

UL Modulation
Degrees and Bits:

'1' '0'
180° 0°
I Branch Bit combinations in Radio Path:
'10' '00'
135° 45°
Oscillator
Spreaded I/Q RF Out

split
Information
90° Phase Shift
'11' '01'
225° 315°
Q Branch Delay*
Degrees and Bits:
'1' '0'
90° - 90°
*) Delay length is 0.5 bits in time

Micro Diversity
Node B
MS RAKE Summed signal
RAKE Receiver
Receiver
Micro Diversity Points

max ratio combining is used

Macro Diversity in the RNC
Node B
Active cell set
Macro Diversity Point

selection combining is used
Node B
S-RNC Core Network
Node B
D-RNC

Radio Resource Management
• RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
• Transmission power
• Logical codes
• Bandwith
• The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time: as many
users as possible will get the resources in such a way, that the minimum required
quality is meet (nothing less and nothing more)
• By means of several RRM functionalities, the radio resources are continuously
monitored and optimise.
service
quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage cell capacity

Radio Resource Management
RRM must be able to:
• Predict the impact on interference (power) of the Overload
admitting a new user for UL & DL Overload Margin
Load Target
• Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new call
Power
admissions, bitrate increase/decrease etc.) in
accordance with prevailing load conditions
• Provide different quality of service for real time (RT)
and non-real time (NRT) users Time
• Take appropriate corrective action when the different Estimated capacity for
cell load thresholds are exceeded in order to maintain NRT traffic
cell stability (i.e. load control) Measured load caused
by non-controllable load
(RT)
RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

RRM Functionalities
LC PS
• AC Admission
RM Control
AC
Network based functions • LC Load Control
• PS Packet Scheduler
PC • RM Resource
Manager
HC
• PC Power Control
Connection based functions
• HC HO Control

Admission Control
• Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections
• Determines whether or not a new RT RAB can be admitted to the RAN
• With PS decides whether to admit NRT RABs (PS handles all NRT connections)
• Also sets
• UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets
• SIR target for outer loop power control
• Initial DL transmission power for the channel
• Radio Link Control parameters, e.g. transmission mode
• Transport Channel (TrCH) parameters, e.g. TFS
• Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

• Bearer class
• Traffic handling priority
• Transport Formats
• MS capabilities

Admission Control
AC Procedure
Allowed Range
th
id
dw
an
eB
...
ac
rf
te
In
Radio Access Bearers

u
U
on the air interface

Admission Control
Planned uplink interference margin;
defines the optimum operating poit up
25
to which the AC can operate.
Defines the limit (the first UL
Interference Margin (dB)
overload threshold) for the UL

20
interference margin, after which the
BS starts its load control actions to
prevent overload.
15
10
Offset
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Load
Load Control
• Cell load is defined as a function of interference – main criterion in WCDMA
• The load control function within RRM can be divided into:

• Preventive load control (e.g. congestion)
• Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
• The load control functionality is done by measuring both UL (received
interference) and DL (transmit power) periodically on a cell basis
• Load control is performed for UL and DL separately (asymmetric traffic)
• Preventive actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y)
• Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
• RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
• The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell and with surrounding cells

Load Control
Overload Control
Overload
threshold x
Preventive Load Control
Load Target
threshold y
Power
Time
Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.

Measured load caused by non-controllable load (RT)

Load Control
• LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS (LC works as
glue between these two functions)
• Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
• Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

• Interference levels
• BTS power levels
• Non-controllable load Load change info
AC
Load status
LC
NRT load PS

Packet Scheduler
• A non-real time call constitutes of a bursty sequence of packets.
• In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DCH or FACH.
• The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT packets .
packet service session
packet call
time
reading time
packet size packet arrival interval

Packet Scheduler
• Responsible for scheduling radio
resources for both UL and DL NRT power
RABs Overload threshold
Target threshold
• Scheduling period defined by RNP
parameters
• PS relies on up-to-date information from Total Load
AC and PS
controllable load
• Capacity allocated on a needs basis using non-controllable load
‘best effort’ approach time
• PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing conditions &

accurate (up-to-date load info)
• Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports (governed by RNP
parameters)
• PS comprises two parts: MS specific & Cell specific

Packet Scheduler (PS)
• PS also responsible for:
• TFCS selection
• Initial channel selection based on RNP parameters & RLC buffer load;
• small amounts of NRT data sent on control channels (Cell _FACH state)
• long and frequent data sent on dedicated channels (Cell _DCH state)
• Queuing of unscheduled NRT capacity requests (queuing algorithm)
• Capacity request handling policy
• Increasing/decreasing user bit rates (governed by RNP parameters)
• PS preventive & overload actions

Packet Scheduler
Radio network planning
parameters
Periodical cell measurements Packet

scheduler
Periodical radio link
measurements
Updated power
RB estimations
setup/reconfiguration/release
information Control of traffic
volume measurements
Traffic volume
measurements (triggers for DCH allocations for NRT RB
DCH allocation)

Resource Manager
• Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation
with AC and PS
• On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
• DL spreading code
• UL srambling code
Code Type Uplink Downlink

Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation
Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
• Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);

• Initial code selection – codes concentrated to the same branch
• Code re-fragmentation – dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave the system

Power Control (PC)
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
(Fast) Closed Loop Power Control

MS
BS
Outer Loop Power Control
RN
C
Power control in WCDMA
• Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance – particularly in UL;
• UEs transmit continuously
• WCMDA often uses 1 frequency
• Poor PC leads to increase interference > reduced capacity
• From BTS perspective every UE accessing network increase interference
• WCMDA capacity is proportional to interference level > minimise interference
• PC maintains link quality by adjusting UE (UL) and BTS (DL) powers every slot
• Mitigates 'near far effect', by providing minimum required power for each
connection
• UEs and BTSs should always be at the lowest possible transmission power
• PC utilises Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) – independently for each connection
• Provides protection against shadowing and fast fading

Open Loop Power Control
• Controlled by UE
• Determines how much power UE should use during random access procedure (UL)
• Network informs UE of current network status;
• CPICH power (RNP parameter)
• UL required C/I ratio (RNP parameter)
• UL interference
• UE uses these parameters to calculate initial power of RACH preamble
• If access request is not detected power of preamble is increased in steps
• After detection of MS signal, the initial SIR is calculated in RNC
MS Output Power
AIC
H
Preamble Mesage Part

Preamble
Preamble Preamble
RACH

Fast Loop Power Control
• Located in BTS and UE
• Controls the power of the dedicated physical channels
• Power control changes can occur every slot (i.e. 1500 times per second)
• BTS and UE continuously compare recevied SIR with SIR target and inform each
other to either increase or decrease its power (using TPC commands)
Without With Optimum

Power Control Power Control
MS4
Received power at BS
Received power at BS
MS3
MS1 MS2
MS1
MS2 MS3
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
MS4

Closed Loop Power Control
• Adjusts the SIR for every user based on BER/FER observation. Initial, max. and
min. SIR values are set by AC
• Needed to track changes in radio environment
• Aims to provide required quality
• UL quality evaluation is made after MDC
• RNP parameters control the threshold comparison process for SIR target and the
reporting of these results
• If SIR target reaches its maximum (I.e. radio conditions deteriorate even though
SIR target is inceased, system has to take action;
• inter-frequency / inter-system handover
• RRC connnection release

Handover Control
• HC is responsible for:
• Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the network
• Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and

GSM
Soft handover: MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover: MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
• Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thus providing a way to
improve call quality during handover. However, this feature has a direct impact on network
capacity and therefore is a trade-off between quality and capacity. It has also an effect to
coverage due cell breathing.
• Optimisation has an important role in controlling the handover performance during the pre-
launch optimisation (initial setting). This role is especially essential in continuous optimisation
when traffic increases and levelling of traffic between base stations becomes more important.

Hanover Control
Received signal strength

BS1 Base station
diversity
Threshold
BS2 BS1
BS3
Distance from BS1 BS2
BS3

Handover Control
Soft(er) Handover Intra-layer

Intra-frequency Inter-layer
Intra-System
WCDMA to WCDMA Inter-frequency Intra-layer
Hard Handover Inter-layer
Intra-frequency Intra-layer
Inter-layer
Requires
Compressed
Inter-System Mode
(Inter-RAT)
WCDMA to GSM
WCDMA to GPRS Intra-layer
GSM to WCDMA Inter-frequency
Hard Handover Inter-layer
GPRS to WCDMA

Cell Breathing
128 kbps
• Traffic load has direct

effect on the cell size 144 kbps
8 kbps
• Radio Resource 144 kbps
Management 64 kbps
64 kbps
provides means to
control cell breathing 64 kbps
in network 144 kbps 64 kbps
Low load 200 kbps optimisation 64 kbps
 Large coverage
Increased load 800 kbps
 Decreased coverage

WCDMA Key Benefits
• Soft Handover
• Call is connected before handover is completed, reducing the probability of a
dropped call
• Processing Gain
• Basic CDMA benefit => the wider the transmitted bandwidth compared to the
user datarate the less power is needed for the transmission
• Advanced Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• RRM will control call admission and packet scheduling and all RRM building
blocks are closely related to each other
• Multipath Signal Processing
• Combines power for increased signal integrity => RAKE receiver

WCDMA Fundamentals
REVIEW QUESTIONS


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WCDMA Fundamentals

1 © NOKIA WCDMA Fundamentals.PPT/10.06.2003 / NN

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WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

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Originating Bit Received Bit

Energy pro bit = const

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Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

R  SF  const  W  3.84 Mchip

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• Spreading sequences have

Low bit rate user

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Half rate speech

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Spreaded I/Q RF Out

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Data part power

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Degrees and Bits:

Spreaded I/Q RF Out

*) Delay length is 0.5 bits in time

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Micro Diversity Points

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Macro Diversity Point

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cell coverage cell capacity

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RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT

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• Determines whether or not a new RT RAB can be admitted to the RAN

• Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;

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Radio Access Bearers

on the air interface

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overload threshold) for the UL

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

• The load control function within RRM can be divided into:

• Preventive actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y)

• Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)

• RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities

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Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.

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• Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS

• Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;