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Problem Solving.
Language and
cognition.
Group 8 members:
o AMMARA NOOR.
o NAVAIL NOOR.
o NADIA KHAN.
o ZARMEEN UMER.
PREPARATION:
The preparation stage of understanding
and diagnosing is critical because it
allows to develop cognitive
representation of the problem and to place
it within a personal framework.
WELL-DEFINED PROBLEMS:
In it the nature of the problem and
information needed to solve it are
available and clear.
EXAMPLE:
Jigsaw-puzzle.
ILL-DEGINED PROBLEMS:
In it the nature of the problem is unclear
and the information required to solve the
problem is also unclear.
EXAMPLE:
How to bring peace to the world.
TYPES OF PROBLEMS:
O Arrangement Problems.
O Problems of Inducing Structure.
O Transformation Problems.
Types of problems
And Solving them.
ARRANGEMENT PROBLEMS:
Arrangement problems require the problem
solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a
way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
EXAMPLE:
Anagrams
BODUT
IKCTH
DOUBT
THICK
PROBLEMS OF INDUCING
STRUCTURE:
In problems of inducing structure a person
must identify the existing relationship
among the elements presented and then
construct a new relationship among them.
EXAMPLE:
What number comes next in the series
142434445464
7
TRANSFORMATION
PROBLEMS:
Transformation problem consists of an initial
stage ,a goal stage ,and a method for changing the
initial stage into goal stage.
EXAMPLE:
Tower of Hanoi puzzle
The initial state is the original form, the goal state
is to have the three disks on the third peg and the
rule includes minimum movement and no larger
disk should cover the smaller one.
Tower of Hanoi puzzle:
As follow:
REPRESENTING AND
ORGANIZING THE PROBLEM: