Windows Programming

November 2016
Object Oriented Programming
Concepts
Topics

• OOP?
• Classes and Objects
• Constructors
• Properties

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OOP?
• an approach to address many of the problems
of functional (or procedural) programming
• offers many modules of code
– each offering specific functionality
– many more modules, isolated or completely
independent
– gives much more versatility
– code reuse
• Key characteristics OOL?
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Classes
• main data structure in C#
• blends ideas from both C++ and Java
– methods are declared inline, as in Java
– no C++ style header files
– supports only single inheritance
– inheritance syntax from C++
– allows multiple classes to be declared in one file
like C++
– methods can be used before declared

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Class Definition

[attributes] [access-modifiers] class identifier

[:base-class] using System;
{
public class Point
class-body {
} int x;
int y; fields
…
}
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Class Definition

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 Access Modifiers
Modifier Explanation
public Visible to any method of any class

private Visible only to methods of the declaring class. This

is the default access modifier if none is specified.
protected Visible to declaring class and subclasses

internal Visible to any method in the same assembly as the

declaring class
protected Visible to declaring class, subclasses, and classes in
internal the same assembly

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Object Creation
• Primitive types like int, char, etc. are value
types and are created on the stack
• Objects are reference types, created on the
heap
– Declare an object reference variable
– Use the new operator to create a class instance on
the heap
• Assign this new instance to the reference variable

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Object Creation
• class_name object_identifier = new class_name();
• point startingPoint = new Point();
– This creates a new instance on the heap
– The constructor for the new instance is invoked
– The reference to the new instance is assigned to
the variable
– The object will be destroyed when there are no
more references to it and it is reclaimed by the
garbage collector

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What’s in a Class?
• Members class Line
{
– Data
public Point starting = new Point();
– Function public Point ending = new Point();
public double len;
}
class Point
{
public int x;
public int y;
}
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Using Members
• can be used like any variable or literal
class lineApp
{
public static void Main()
{
Line myLine = new Line();
myLine.starting.x = 1;
myLine.starting.y = 4; …
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Using Members
class lineApp
class Point
{
{ public static void Main()
public int x; {
public int y; Line line1 = new Line();
} Line line2 = new Line();
class Line //Assign values to members…
{
static public Point origin= new Point();
public Point ending = new Point();
}
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Constructors
Life Cycle of an Object
• Construction
– When an object is first instantiated it needs to be
initialized
– carried out by a constructor function
• Destruction
– some clean-up tasks when an object is destroyed
– job of a destructor function

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Constructors
• a special method with the same name as the
class
• run to initialize the class
• public, internal, private, protected
• before it is run the class is undifferentiated
memory
• after it is run, memory is an instance of the
class
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Constructors
• never have a return type
• usually public
• may be overloaded
• if no constructor is provided, the CLR will
create one which does nothing
• if any constructor is provided, no default
constructor will be created

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Constructors
• could be static
– executes once per type
– only one parameterless constructor per class
– no guarantees about when a static constructor will
be executed, no code …
– cannot predict in what order static constructors of
different classes will execute
class Test
{
static Test() { Console.WriteLine ("Type Initialized"); }
}
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Constructors
• could be static
– invoked before your code makes any reference to
the class
– never called by any other C# code, no access
modifiers
– can access only static members
– possible to have a static constructor and a zero-
parameter instance constructor
– if more than one class with static constructor,
which executes first is undefined

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Member Initialization

• c# allows you to initialize a member variable

when it is declared
– int day = 30;
• an initializer
• if no initializer, a default value is assigned
• no uninitialized variables in C#

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Object Initializers
• simplifies object initialization
• can make constructor accept optional
parameters instead
• Example:

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Properties
public class Stock
• a method or a pair {
of methods decimal currentPrice;
dressed to look public decimal CurrentPrice
like a field
• Why Properties? {
• keywords get and get { return currentPrice; }
set
set { currentPrice = value; }
}
}
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Properties
• could be read only | write only
• could be calculated
• access modifiers

decimal currentPrice;
decimal
decimalcurrentPrice,
currentPrice; sharesOwned;
public decimal CurrentPrice
public
public decimal
decimal Worth
CurrentPrice
{
{{
get { return currentPrice; }
get { return currentPrice;
currentPrice *} sharesOwned; }
}
} private set { currentPrice = value; }
}
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Properties
• could be automatic
• property accessors internally compile
to methods

//decimal currentPrice; Not needed

public decimal CurrentPrice
{
get ; set;
}

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• Read about indexers

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