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Design Methods

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Today’s topics
 What is thinking?
 Forms of thinking:
 Creative thinking
 Critical thinking
 Other types

 Black box vs. Glass box approach


What is thinking?
 Thinking is an incredibly complex process and one of the most difficult
concepts to define or explain in Psychology.
 “thinking is a behavior which is often implicit and hidden and in which
symbols (images, ideas, concepts) are employed.”
 Therefore, a more suitable definition can be that we aim to combine
internal behavior with the product of thinking.

 Language, Concepts and Images are described as Thinking


Components. Collectively or individually, these components provide
the basic elements on which thinking is built.

THINKING
Nature of thinking
 It’s a cognitive activity.
 It’s directed to achieve some end or purpose.
 It’s described as a problem solving behavior.
 There is a mental exploration instead of motor exploration.
 It can be shifted very rapidly.

Jean Piaget (Swiss psychologist, 1896) (1)


(2) Describe (3) Explain
points out that the process of thinking Information
in its entirety is the process of
adaptation between an individual and
his/her environment, which includes
(6)
two sub-processes: (5) Arrange (4) Decide
Implement
Assimilation and Accommodation.

THINKING
Thinking errors
 Personalization
thinking in which the world revolves around an individual.
 Polarized thinking
there is only black or white – no gray.
 Catastrophizing
always considering the worst possible outcome.
 Selective abstraction
focusing on one detail of a situation and ignoring the larger picture.
 Overgeneralization
drawing broad conclusions on the basis of a single incident.

THINKING
LOGICAL THINKING ‘GLASS BOX’
Is practiced when trying to explain the causes
that underlie things and figuring out the results.

Logical
Logical
CREATIVE THINKING CRITICAL THINKING
Means the ability Is a well-thought-out
to create unique things decision to reject, accept
which drives man to invent. or suspend judgment on
Creative
Creative Critical
Critical something.
Forms
of
thinking

Visual
Visual Scientific
Scientific

VISUAL
VISUAL THINKING
THINKING SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Is
Is to
to try
try to
to understand
understand the
the world
world An organized thinking, which is built
through
through language
language of
of form
form and
and image.
image. on a set of principles emanating from
knowledge and includes logic.

THINKING
Creative thinking
Creative thinking
 “Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent
perspiration.” Thomas Alva Edison

 Creative thinking is “the process we use to develop ideas that are


unique, useful and worthy of further elaboration.”
 Creative thinking is
“the process we use to reflect on,
assess and judge the assumption
underlying our own and others’
ideas and efforts.”

THINKING
Creative thinking
 A ‘eureka’ moment, as it is often called, seems quite characteristic of
great creative moments.
 We may have all heard how Archimedes
is supposed to have leapt out of his bath
crying ‘Eureka’ having solved a problem
he had been working on for some time.

“He reportedly proclaimed "Eureka!" after stepping into a bath


and noticed that the water level rose, whereupon he suddenly
understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to
the volume of the part of his body he had submerged.”

THINKING
Creative thinking
The mathematician Henri Poincaré (1924) reflected on
his own considerable creative achievements in
mathematical thought.
He describes the process divided into phases of quite
different kinds of thought:
 First a period of initial investigation of the problem.
 Followed by a more relaxed period of apparent mental rest.
 Next, an idea for the solution appears almost unbidden by the thinker
probably at the most unexpected time and in the most unlikely place.
 Finally the solution needs elaboration, verification and development.

THINKING
Creative thinking
Painters, poets and composers have also reported the
sudden unexpected emergence of ideas.
Mozart wrote in a letter: ‘When I am, as it were,
completely myself, entirely alone, and of good cheer –
say travelling in a carriage, or walking after a good meal,
or during the night when I cannot sleep; it is on such
occasions that my ideas flow best and most abundantly.’

It is generally recognized that although Mozart would


write down music almost as he saw it in his mind’s eye,
Beethoven felt the need to work over his ideas time and
time again.

THINKING
Creative thinking models
The Wallas Osborn’s 7 Step
Model Model
Orientation
Preparation
Preparation
Incubation Analysis
Illumination Ideation
Verification Incubation
Synthesis
Evaluation

The popular 5-stage model of


the creative process

THINKING
Thinking creatively among architects
Designers have been a popular subject group for such studies.
Mackinnon has conducted a whole series of studies of the creative
personality and he explains his choice of architects:
 “It is in architects, of all our samples, that we can expect to find what
is most generally characteristic of creative persons . . . in architecture,
creative products are both an expression of the architect, and thus a
very personal product, and at the same time an impersonal meeting of
the demands of an external problem.” (Mackinnon 1962)

THINKING
Thinking creatively among architects
 Characteristically designers seem to cope with this lack of resolution
in their ideas in two main ways: by the generation of alternatives and
by using ‘parallel lines of thought’ compared to those who prefer a
more ordered method in the design field.

Laxton’s ingenious hydro-electric model of design learning

THINKING
Critical thinking
Critical thinking
 “Critical thinking is thinking about your thinking, while you’re thinking,
in order to make your thinking better.”

 Critical thinking is a reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on


deciding what to believe or what to do.
 Critical thinking is a skillful, responsible thinking that is improves good
judgment because it’s sensitive to context, relies on criteria, and is
self-correcting.

THINKING
Thinking critically means...
 Examining different viewpoints.
 Learning to think from different perspectives.
 View those opinions which differ from yours.
 Examine assumptions, metaphors and analogies
of your own viewpoint and of others.
 Avoiding automatic responses.

THINKING
Working definitions of critical thinking
 “Critical thinking is a process that evaluates ideas through the testing
of statements (its accuracy) and the soundness of reasoning behind
them.”

 “The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own
reason for existing.” Albert Einstein

 “You have a brain and mind of your own. Use it, and reach your own
decisions.” Napoleon Hill

THINKING
What do you
see?

DESIGN PROCESS
Let’s think
about this
puzzle…

DESIGN PROCESS
So the
answers
are…

9 9 11

14 12 11
DESIGN PROCESS
Black box vs. Glass box
HOW DO YOU APPROACH YOUR IDEAS?
Black box
 The “black box” approach concerns the creativity and mystery of
design.
 This approach is based on intuition and personal experience, and has
origins based on the normative school of philosophical thought
(Normative).
 This approach is based on artistic backgrounds and has little external
means to help understand it.
 The design cannot be analyzed, but techniques such as brainstorming
and the application of synthetics are helpful in visualizing the design
process.

AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
Black box
 Many designers think that the solution to the design problem comes
from the semi-conscious state of mind, so it becomes necessary to
provide sufficient time for the sub-conscious to solve problems.
 From an architectural perspective, the
solution does not come at once, but it
requires a lot of thinking and sketching.
These drawings show that the solution
comes from overlapping objects, shapes
and solutions despite appearing random
and aimless.

The designer’s mind during


the ‘black box’ design process

AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
BLACK BOX - AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
BLACK BOX - AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
Glass box
 The “glass box” approach analyzes design based on its logical process
and decision sequence.
 This approach is adopted by a group of scientists, engineers, and
designers with geometric and
mathematical backgrounds.
 The design process is a sequence of
events, which includes identification,
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.

The designer’s mind during


the ‘glass box’ design process

A RATIONAL APPROACH
Glass box
 This approach assumes that control of design processes provide
possibilities to control the results, as J.C. Johns (Welsh designer, 1970)
described the design process as a set of clear tasks, with a specific
definition, and sequential steps.
 The image of the designer here is built in a manner similar to the
human calculator, Working continuously only on given information,
until reaching the best possible solutions.
 Useful methods in this approach include systems analysis, operational
research, critical path, set theory, logical model, “feed-forward” and
design territory map (Broadbent, 1969).

A RATIONAL APPROACH
The ‘glass box’ approach was taken by
three groups of architecture students
towards a competition to design a large
new county authority office building.

GLASS BOX – A RATIONAL APPROACH


GLASS BOX – A RATIONAL APPROACH

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