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LE CT U RE 0 8 ( T H I N K I N G ) 2 N D S TA G E | 2 0 1 9 -
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Today’s topics
What is thinking?
Forms of thinking:
Creative thinking
Critical thinking
Other types
THINKING
Nature of thinking
It’s a cognitive activity.
It’s directed to achieve some end or purpose.
It’s described as a problem solving behavior.
There is a mental exploration instead of motor exploration.
It can be shifted very rapidly.
THINKING
Thinking errors
Personalization
thinking in which the world revolves around an individual.
Polarized thinking
there is only black or white – no gray.
Catastrophizing
always considering the worst possible outcome.
Selective abstraction
focusing on one detail of a situation and ignoring the larger picture.
Overgeneralization
drawing broad conclusions on the basis of a single incident.
THINKING
LOGICAL THINKING ‘GLASS BOX’
Is practiced when trying to explain the causes
that underlie things and figuring out the results.
Logical
Logical
CREATIVE THINKING CRITICAL THINKING
Means the ability Is a well-thought-out
to create unique things decision to reject, accept
which drives man to invent. or suspend judgment on
Creative
Creative Critical
Critical something.
Forms
of
thinking
Visual
Visual Scientific
Scientific
VISUAL
VISUAL THINKING
THINKING SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Is
Is to
to try
try to
to understand
understand the
the world
world An organized thinking, which is built
through
through language
language of
of form
form and
and image.
image. on a set of principles emanating from
knowledge and includes logic.
THINKING
Creative thinking
Creative thinking
“Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent
perspiration.” Thomas Alva Edison
THINKING
Creative thinking
A ‘eureka’ moment, as it is often called, seems quite characteristic of
great creative moments.
We may have all heard how Archimedes
is supposed to have leapt out of his bath
crying ‘Eureka’ having solved a problem
he had been working on for some time.
THINKING
Creative thinking
The mathematician Henri Poincaré (1924) reflected on
his own considerable creative achievements in
mathematical thought.
He describes the process divided into phases of quite
different kinds of thought:
First a period of initial investigation of the problem.
Followed by a more relaxed period of apparent mental rest.
Next, an idea for the solution appears almost unbidden by the thinker
probably at the most unexpected time and in the most unlikely place.
Finally the solution needs elaboration, verification and development.
THINKING
Creative thinking
Painters, poets and composers have also reported the
sudden unexpected emergence of ideas.
Mozart wrote in a letter: ‘When I am, as it were,
completely myself, entirely alone, and of good cheer –
say travelling in a carriage, or walking after a good meal,
or during the night when I cannot sleep; it is on such
occasions that my ideas flow best and most abundantly.’
THINKING
Creative thinking models
The Wallas Osborn’s 7 Step
Model Model
Orientation
Preparation
Preparation
Incubation Analysis
Illumination Ideation
Verification Incubation
Synthesis
Evaluation
THINKING
Thinking creatively among architects
Designers have been a popular subject group for such studies.
Mackinnon has conducted a whole series of studies of the creative
personality and he explains his choice of architects:
“It is in architects, of all our samples, that we can expect to find what
is most generally characteristic of creative persons . . . in architecture,
creative products are both an expression of the architect, and thus a
very personal product, and at the same time an impersonal meeting of
the demands of an external problem.” (Mackinnon 1962)
THINKING
Thinking creatively among architects
Characteristically designers seem to cope with this lack of resolution
in their ideas in two main ways: by the generation of alternatives and
by using ‘parallel lines of thought’ compared to those who prefer a
more ordered method in the design field.
THINKING
Critical thinking
Critical thinking
“Critical thinking is thinking about your thinking, while you’re thinking,
in order to make your thinking better.”
THINKING
Thinking critically means...
Examining different viewpoints.
Learning to think from different perspectives.
View those opinions which differ from yours.
Examine assumptions, metaphors and analogies
of your own viewpoint and of others.
Avoiding automatic responses.
THINKING
Working definitions of critical thinking
“Critical thinking is a process that evaluates ideas through the testing
of statements (its accuracy) and the soundness of reasoning behind
them.”
“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own
reason for existing.” Albert Einstein
“You have a brain and mind of your own. Use it, and reach your own
decisions.” Napoleon Hill
THINKING
What do you
see?
DESIGN PROCESS
Let’s think
about this
puzzle…
DESIGN PROCESS
So the
answers
are…
9 9 11
14 12 11
DESIGN PROCESS
Black box vs. Glass box
HOW DO YOU APPROACH YOUR IDEAS?
Black box
The “black box” approach concerns the creativity and mystery of
design.
This approach is based on intuition and personal experience, and has
origins based on the normative school of philosophical thought
(Normative).
This approach is based on artistic backgrounds and has little external
means to help understand it.
The design cannot be analyzed, but techniques such as brainstorming
and the application of synthetics are helpful in visualizing the design
process.
AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
Black box
Many designers think that the solution to the design problem comes
from the semi-conscious state of mind, so it becomes necessary to
provide sufficient time for the sub-conscious to solve problems.
From an architectural perspective, the
solution does not come at once, but it
requires a lot of thinking and sketching.
These drawings show that the solution
comes from overlapping objects, shapes
and solutions despite appearing random
and aimless.
AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
BLACK BOX - AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
BLACK BOX - AN INTUITIONAL APPROACH
Glass box
The “glass box” approach analyzes design based on its logical process
and decision sequence.
This approach is adopted by a group of scientists, engineers, and
designers with geometric and
mathematical backgrounds.
The design process is a sequence of
events, which includes identification,
analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
A RATIONAL APPROACH
Glass box
This approach assumes that control of design processes provide
possibilities to control the results, as J.C. Johns (Welsh designer, 1970)
described the design process as a set of clear tasks, with a specific
definition, and sequential steps.
The image of the designer here is built in a manner similar to the
human calculator, Working continuously only on given information,
until reaching the best possible solutions.
Useful methods in this approach include systems analysis, operational
research, critical path, set theory, logical model, “feed-forward” and
design territory map (Broadbent, 1969).
A RATIONAL APPROACH
The ‘glass box’ approach was taken by
three groups of architecture students
towards a competition to design a large
new county authority office building.