Ts. DR.

MAI MARIAM BINTI MOHAMED AMINUDDIN

Artificial
Intelligence
BENE 4333
Your best quote that reflects your
approach… “It’s one small step for
man, one giant leap for mankind.”

- NEIL ARMSTRONG
Learning Outcomes
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1.  
Analyze the implementation of artificial Intelligence
techniques such as fuzzy logic algorithm, neural network [PO2,LOD1,
and machine learning in problem solving. WK1,2,3,4]

1.  
Design an intelligent system to achieve predetermined
[PO3,LOD6,W
specifications.
5]
Course Evaluation
Percentage of
Complex Problem Solving (CPS) or
Items Assessment %
Complex Engineering Activities
(CEA)
COURSE WORKS (a) 40%  

Individual Assessment    
Mid Term Test 20% 10%
 
Group Assessment    
Assignment 20% 20%

FINAL EXAMINATION (b) 60% 30%

TOTAL ASSESSMENT (a + b) 100% 60%

ICS 271, Fall 2007: Professor Padhraic Smyth Slide Set 1: Introduction: 6
ICS 271, Fall 2007: Professor Padhraic Smyth Slide Set 1: Introduction: 7
COURSE OUTLINE
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• IMPLEMENT AND ANALYSIS AI TECHNIQUES SUCH AS FUZZY LOGIC
ALGORITHM AND MACHINE LEARNING IN PROBLEM SOLVING [PO2,C4]
• DESIGN AN INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM TO ACHIVE PREDETERMINED
SPESIFICATIONS [PO3,C5]
COURSE OUTLINE
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• IMPLEMENT AND ANALYSIS AI TECHNIQUES SUCH AS FUZZY LOGIC
ALGORITHM AND MACHINE LEARNING IN PROBLEM SOLVING [PO2,C4]
• DESIGN AN INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM TO ACHIVE PREDETERMINED
SPESIFICATIONS [PO3,C5]
COURSE
OUTLINE
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• IMPLEMENT AND ANALYSIS AI TECHNIQUES SUCH AS FUZZY LOGIC
ALGORITHM AND MACHINE LEARNING IN PROBLEM SOLVING [PO2,C4]
• DESIGN AN INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM TO ACHIVE PREDETERMINED
SPESIFICATIONS [PO3,C5]
COURSE • LEARNING OUTCOMES
OUTLINE • IMPLEMENT AND ANALYSIS AI
TECHNIQUES SUCH AS FUZZY LOGIC
ALGORITHM AND MACHINE
LEARNING IN PROBLEM SOLVING
[PO2,C4]
• DESIGN AN INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM
TO ACHIVE PREDETERMINED
SPESIFICATIONS

[PO3,C5]
COURSE EVALUATIONS
• TEST 20 %
• ASSIGNMENT 20 %
• FINAL 60 %
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• TURING TEST
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• PSYCHOLOGY
• COMPUTER ENGINEERING
• CONTROL THEORY AND CYBERNETICS
• LINGUISTICS
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• CAN FORMAL RULES BE USED TO DRAW VALID CONCLUSIONS?
• HOW DOES THE MIND ARISE FROM A PHYSICAL BRAIN?
• WHERE DOES KNOWLEDGE COME FROM?
• HOW DOES KNOWLEDGE LEAD TO ACTION?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• WHAT ARE THE FORMAL RULES TO DRAW VALIED CONCLUSIONS?
• WHAT CAN BE COMPUTED?
• HOW DO WE REASON WITH UNCERTAIN INFORMATION?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• HOW SHOULD WE MAKE DECISIONS SO AS TO MAXIMIZE PAYOFF?
• HOW SHOULD WE DO THIS WHEN OTHERS MAY NOT ALONG?
• HOW SHOULD WE DO THIS WHEN THE PAYOFF MAY BE FAR IN THE FUTURE?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• HOW DO BRAINS PROCESS INFORMATION?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• PSYCHOLOGY
• HOW DO HUMANS AND ANIMALS THINK AND ACT?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• PSYCHOLOGY
• COMPUTER ENGINEERING
• HOW CAN WE BUILD AN EFFICIENT COMPUTER?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• PSYCHOLOGY
• COMPUTER ENGINEERING
• CONTROL THEORY AND CYBERNETICS
• HOW CAN ARTIFACTS OPERATE UNDER THEOR OWN CONTROL?
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AI
• PHILOSOPHY
• MATHEMATICS
• ECONOMICS
• NEUROSCIENCE
• PSYCHOLOGY
• COMPUTER ENGINEERING
• CONTROL THEORY AND CYBERNETICS
• LINGUISTICS
• HOW DOES LANGUAGE RELATE TO THOUGHT?
TUTORIAL 1

GIVE A DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM AND NOT INTELLIGENT

SYSTEM

1. REFLEX ACTIONS
2. DANCING ROBOT
3. GOOGLE TRANSLATE
4. VENDING MACHINE
HISTORY OF AI
• 1943: early beginnings
• McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

• 1950: Turing
• Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“

• 1956: birth of AI
• Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted

• 1950s: initial promise

• Early AI programs, including
• Samuel's checkers program
• Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist

• 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”

• Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
• Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
• McCarthy: invention of LISP
HISTORY OF AI
• 1966—73: Reality dawns
• Realization that many AI problems are intractable
• Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
• Neural network research almost disappears

• 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge

• Development of knowledge-based systems
• Success of rule-based expert systems,
• E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
• But were brittle and did not scale well in practice

• 1986-- Rise of machine learning

• Neural networks return to popularity
• Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications

• 1990-- Role of uncertainty

• Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework

• 1995-- AI as Science
• Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
• AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

• In the popular sense, intelligence is often defined as

the general mental ability to learn and apply
knowledge to manipulate your environment, as well
as the ability to reason and have abstract thought. 
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
• Intelligence:
• “the capacity to learn and solve problems” (Websters dictionary)
• in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans

• Artificial Intelligence
• build and understand intelligent entities or agents
• 2 main approaches: “engineering” versus “cognitive modeling”
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
• Other definitions of intelligence include
- adaptability to a new environment or
- to changes in the current environment
- the ability to evaluate and judge,
- the ability to comprehend complex ideas,
- the ability to learn quickly and learn from
experience
- and even the ability to comprehend
relationships.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

Ability to memorize...TRUE?
RESEARCH IN AI

Research in AI has focused chiefly on the

following components of intelligence:
-learning,
-reasoning,
-problem-solving,
-knowledge representation
LEARNING

• Learning and Adaptation

• we are continuously learning and adapting
• our internal models are always being
“updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and
recognize animals
LEARNING

• Learning is distinguished into a number of different forms.

• The simplest is learning by trial-and-error.
• For example, a simple program for solving mate-in-one chess
problems might try out moves at random until one is found that
achieves mate. The program remembers the successful move and
next time the computer is given the same problem it is able to
produce the answer immediately. The simple memorising of
individual items--solutions to problems, words of vocabulary, etc.--
is known as rote learning.
REASONING
•Reasoning and Planning
•modeling the external world, given input
•solving new problems, planning, and
making decisions
•ability to deal with unexpected problems,
uncertainties
REASONING
•Inductive
•Deductive
PROBLEM-SOLVING
•Problems have the general form: given such-
and-such data, find x. A huge variety of types
of problem is addressed in AI.
•Some examples are: finding winning moves in
board games; identifying people from their
photographs; and planning series of
movements that enable a robot to carry out a
given task.
STATIC TO AI TECHNIQUES
EXERCISE
•Explore the spectrum from static to A1-based
techniques for a problem.
•Translating an English sentence into Malay
•Teaching a child to add numbers
•Differentiate between a cat and a duck.
Artificial intelligence in industry
•AI Tools
•Expert Systems
•Fuzzy Logic
•Neural Networks
•Genetic algorithms
•Machine Learning