INTERNET

• DEFINATION
• TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
• HOTSPOT
• WWW
• WEBSITE
• WEB BROWSER
• HYPERLINK
• E-MAIL
• BLOGS
• IP ADDRESS
• DNS
• DOMAIN NAMES
• URLSEARCHING THE WEB
• CYBERCRIME

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 INTERNET
• Internet is network of computers.
• It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency(ARPA) of the US government in 1969 and was then
called the ARPAnet.
• Initially, it was used for military and research purposes. Later
it was extended to and came to be called the World Wide
Web(WWW).
• Internet is a facility that enables you to reach across to
anybody across the world with a computer and Internet
connection.

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TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
• Analog/Dial-up Connection
• ISDN Connection
• B-ISDN Connection
• DSL Connection
• ADSL Connection
• SDSL Connection
• VDSL Connection
• Cable Connection
• Wireless Internet Connections
• T-1 Lines Connection
• Bonded T-1 Connection
• T-3 Lines Connection
• Satellite Connection

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• Analog/Dial-up Connection
o Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow.
o Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when the
computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects
to the network.
o Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog,  public
telephone network.
o The modem converts received analog data to digital and vise versa.
o Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the
connection is not always good and data rates are limited.
o Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.
• ISDN Connection
o Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications
standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or
normal telephone wires.
o Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

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• B-ISDN Connection
o Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber
optic telephone lines, not normal telephone wires.
o Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.
o Speed is 256 Kbps or more.
• DSL Connection
o DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire
copper telephone line connected to the premise and will not tie up your phone
as a dial-up connection does.
o There is no need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on.
o The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and
SDSL.
• ADSL Connection
o ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America.
o Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from
1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16
to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
o ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.

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• SDSL
o SDSL is still more common in Europe.
o Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that allows more data
to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS).
o SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses
in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and can not operate
simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires.
o SDSL requires a special SDSL modem.
o SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream
and downstream traffic.
• VDSL
o Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over
relatively short distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the connection
rate.
o All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.
o xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps

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• CABLE
o Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet
connection that is designed to operate over cable TV lines.
o Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for data transmission, with
certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other channels for
upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides
much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to
achieve extremely fast access.
o Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
• Wireless Internet Connections
o Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet
connection types.
o Instead of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you
use radio frequency bands.
o Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed
from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network coverage
area.
o Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult
to find a wireless service provider in some areas.
o It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan areas.

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• T-1 LINES
o T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone.
o It is a dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. 
o A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per
second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic.
o Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or some of these individual channels.
This is known as fractional T-1 access.
• BONDED T-1 LINES
o A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase
bandwidth.
o Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide 3Mbps or 46
channels for voice or data.
o Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where two individual T-1s can
still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time.
o To be bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the
same ISP.
o T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps.
o Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of
leased channels.
o Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.
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• T-3 LINES
o T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to
45 Mbps.
o It too is a popular leased line option.
o A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which supports
64 Kbps.
o T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to
the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.
o Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.
• SATELLITE
o Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite
that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's
surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances signals must
travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower
than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables. •
Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average
around 492 up to 512 Kbps.

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 HOTSPOT
Hotspot is place that offers Internet access over a wireless local
area network(WLAN) through the use of a router connected to a
link to an internet service provider. Hotspots typically use Wi-Fi
technology.
The public laptop or mobile or other suitable portable device to
access the wireless connection (usually Wi-Fi) provided.
Security is a serious concern in connection with Hotspots

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 WWW
• The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information
between computers on the Internet.
• The World Wide Web is the network of pages of images, texts
and sounds on the Internet which can be viewed using browser
software .
• The World Wide Web (www) is a huge collection of
documents called web pages written in HTML ( Hyper Text
Mark-up Language ). These pages are linked to each other by
hyperlink.

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 WEBSITE
• A website is a set of related web pages typically served from a
single web domain.
• A website is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other
digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually
accessible via the internet.
• the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a common
root URL called the homepage and usually reside on the same
physical server.
• The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although
the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives
the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the
different parts of the site.
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 WEB BROWSER
• A Web browser acts as an interface between the user and Web
server
• Software application that resides on a computer and is used to
locate and display Web pages.
• Web user access information from web servers, through a
client program called browser.
• A web browser is a software application for retrieving,
presenting, and traversing information resources on the World
Wide Web

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 EXAMPLE
• TYPES OF WEB BROWSER

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 E-MAIL
• E-mail or Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages, notes or letters from
one person to another or even many people at the same time via the Internet.
• E-mail is very fast compared to the normal post.
• E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to arrive at their destination.
• One can send messages anytime of the day or night and it will get delivered immediately.
• You need not to wait for the post office to open and you don’t have to get worried about
holidays.
• It works 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
• What’s more, the copy of the message you have sent will be available whenever you want
to look at it - even in the middle of the night.
• You have the privilege of sending something extra even such as a file, graphics, images
etc. along with your e-mail.
• The biggest advantage to using e-mail is that it is cheap, especially when sending
messages to other states or countries and at the same time it can be delivered to a number
of people around the world.

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• Although e-mail is faster and cheaper, it has many of the
components of regular mail.
• It allows you to compose note, get the address of the recipient
and send it.
• Once the mail is received and read, it can be forwarded,
replied.
• One can even store it for later use, or delete.
• In e-mail even the sender can request for delivery receipt and
read receipt from the recipient

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 Features of E-mail
• One-to-one or one-to-many communications
• Instant communications
• Physical presence of recipient is not required
• Most inexpensive mail service, 24-hours a day and seven days
a week
• Encourages informal communication

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 Components of an E-mail
Address
• As in the case of normal mail system, e-mail is also based upon the
concept of a recipient address.
• The email address provides all of the information required to get a message
to the recipient from anywhere in the world.
• Consider the e-mail ID john@hotmail.com
• In the example above, "john" is the local part, which is the name of a
mailbox on the destination computer, where finally the mail will be
delivered.
• Hotmail is the mail server where the mailbox "john" exists, .com is the
type of organization on net, which is hosting the mail server.

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 BLOGS
• A blog is a type of website or part of a website.
• Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of
commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or
video.
• Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order.
• Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a
blog.
• Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even
message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that
distinguishes them from other static websites
• Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others
function as more personal online diaries.

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• A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web
pages, and other media related to its topic.
• The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is
an important part of many blogs.
• Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (Art
blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging), music (MP3
blog), and audio (podcasting).
• Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.
• Few famous blog sites:
• 1). www.blogger.com
• 2). http://blog.com
• 3). bigb.bigadda.com& many more…

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 IP ADDRESSES
• An IP address is 32-bit long.
• It is usually written as four decimal numbers separated by dots (periods)
(dotted decimal notation)
• In hex, each of the four hexadecimal numbers is  called an octet.
• Example: 137.207.192.003 or 89 CF C0 03
• An IP address contains a network part and a host part.
• The number of address bits used to identify the network, and the number to
identify the host, vary according to the class of the address.
• Routers or gateways have one or more addresses
(depending on the no. of links they have)
• The three main address classes are class A, class B, and class C.
• By examining the first few bits of an address, IP software can quickly
determine the address class, and therefore its structure .

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 IP Addressing
• Note:
• For Class A: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 1-126
• For Class B: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 128-191
• For Class C: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 192-223

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KALPITA VARTAK
 The Domain Name
System
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a helper system for IP.
• DNS is:
o A naming hierarchy for the Internet
o A directory service to translate (resolve) these names to IP addresses •
o A protocol to perform name resolution
• You can think of DNS as a phone book for the Internet, helping you look up IP
addresses for a specific name.

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 DOMAIN NAME
• Domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to
internet
• No two organizations can have same domain name
• A domain name always consists of two or more components separated by
periods called dots (.)
• EXAMPLE: www.yahoo.co.in, www.facebook.com etc.
• Once a domain has been established subdomains can be created within the
domain
• EXAMPLE: The domain for the large company could be “Vni.com” and
within this domain subdomains can be created for each of the company’s
regional office. Eg: Bombay.vni.com  Last name. subdomain.

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STUCTURE OF DOMAIN
NAME
• Last name. subdomain.second-level domain. top-level domain
• EXAMPLE: vijay.Bombay.vni.com

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 ORGANIZATIONAL
DOMAIN
• It consists of three character code which indicates the primary
function of the organization or their generic behavior
• Most commonly used top level domains are:
• .com for commercial organization eg www.yahoo.com
• .net for networking organizations eg www.zedge.net
• .gov for government organizations eg www.newjersey.gov
• .edu for educational organizations egwww.uducause.edu
• .org for non-commercial organizations eg www.eklavya.org
• .mil for military organizations eg www.dod.mil
• .int for international organizations eg www.itu.int

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 GEOGRAPHICAL
DOMAINS
• It consists of two characters which represents different
countries/regions all around the world
• These codes have been standardized by International Standard
Organizational (ISO) EXAMPLE:
• .in India
• .jp Japan
• .us United States
• .fr france
• .it Italy
• .cn China
• .au Australia

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 URL
• Each webpage has a designated unique address called the URL
or the Uniform Resource Locator.
• URL is made up of SEVERAL PARTS.
o Protocol
o Domain
o Sub domain
o File name
• It is in the in the form of
http://host.subdomain.domain/optional-path/optional-
filename.html.

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Protocol

https://www.kok.edu.ph/ preschool/ nursery.docx

• Most webpage URLs begin with http:// which means

Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• A protocol that is used to transfer pages on the web.
• Some websites have https which means hypertext transfer
protocol SECURED. This means that the web page has a
special layer of encryption added to hide your personal
information and passwords.

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 Domain Name

https://www.kok.edu.ph/ preschool/ nursery.docx

• unique reference that identifies a website.

Sub-Domain

https://www.kok.edu.ph/ preschool/ nursery.docx

• a subdivision of the domain name, which is usually a country

code abbreviation.

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Folder
It is the directory name. There will be times that you will see a
longer folder which is a subdirectory of a directory (folder under
another folder).

File Name

https://www.kok.edu.ph/ preschool/ nursery.docx

• The name of the document file requested.

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 Searching the WEB
• It is not always easy to find what you want on the web.
• That is because there are millions of web sites and each of
them having many web pages.
• There are various ways of searching the web pages.

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 SEARCH ENGINES
• A web search engine is a software system that is designed to
search for information on the World Wide Web.
• It uses the keywords to search for documents that relate to
these key words and then puts the result in order of relevance
to the topic that was searched for.

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 SOME EXAMPLES OF
SEARCH ENGINES

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 IMPORTANCE
• Search engines are important because with over 8 billion web
pages available, it would be impossible to search for the
information that is specifically needed. This is why search
engines are used to filter the information that is on the internet
and transform it into results that each individual can easily
access and use within the matter of seconds

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 TYPES OF SEARCH
ENGINES
• CRAWLER BASED
• DIRECTORIES
• HYBRID SEARCH ENGINES
• META SEARCH ENGINES

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 CRAWLER BASED SEARCH
ENGINES

• These types of search engines use a "spider" or a "crawler" to

search the Internet. The crawler digs through individual web
pages, pulls out keywords and then adds the pages to the
search engine's database. Google and Yahoo are examples of
crawler search engines.
• Crawler-based search engines are good when you have a
specific search topic.

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 Advance Search
• To overcome the problems of duplicate and irrelevant results,
many search engines provide a set of advance search options.
• Advance search is possible (by clicking at Advance Search
option) with search engine.
• In advance search user can type a keywords which should be
present, key words which should not be present.
• Also user can select Result per page, Language, File type etc.

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 Advance Search

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 DIRECTORIES
• Directories depend on human editors to create their listings or
the database. Yahoo Directory, Open Directory and Look
Smart are few examples.
• Human-powered directories are good when you are interested
in a general topic of search

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 HYBRID SEARCH
ENGINES
• Hybrid search engines are search engines that use both crawler
based searches and directory searches to obtain their results .
• Example:- Yahoo.com- Google.com

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 META SEARCH
ENGINES
• These transmit user-supplied keywords simultaneously to
several individual search engines to actually carry out the
search.
• Search results returned from all the search engines can be
integrated, duplicates can be eliminated and additional
features such as clustering by subjects within the search results
can be implemented by meta-search engines.
• Example: Dogpile, Metacrawler

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KALPITA VARTAK
 Boolean Search
• Whenever you conduct a search in a search engine or database,
you typically type in whatever you’re interested in—then the
search engine or database gives you the results of your search.
This is how Google works—it’s also how you search for books
and article in library catalogs and library databases.
• Boolean operators let you better control what sorts of books or
articles will appear in your search results.
• Even more than this, Boolean operators are a helpful way of
conceptualizing your search. Once you’ve learned how
Boolean operators work, your search skills will improve,
whether that’s in a library database or Google.

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• Understanding Boolean Operators and how they work is useful
for a couple of different reasons:
o Boolean operators make it easier to find the information you need.
o Boolean operators make your searches more exact and thus more powerful. By
constructing more specific searches, you narrow in on materials related to your topic
much faster.
• So what are Boolean Operators? You’re probably already
using at least a couple of them.
• The biggest three are:
• AND
• OR
• NOT
• Now let’s look at how to use them when you search.

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 AND
“AND” lets you search for items that include
two or more search terms or keywords. Both
terms must appear in the article or book in
order for that article or book to appear in
your search results. Here are a few examples:
• Jim AND Jill
• dog AND cat
Try visualizing an “AND” search like this:
Searching just “Jim” will give you the first
circle of returns. Searching just “Jill” would
give you the second circle. But searching
“Jim AND Jill” will only give you the shaded
portion—ie, only the results for where the
two search terms overlap.

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• Here’s another example of using “AND”

Poverty AND Crime

• Your search results will show only items containing both

search terms.
• Blue shaded area represents search results.

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 OR
“OR” lets you search two or more
search terms at once. Unlike “AND”
searches, only one of the search
terms need to appear in a book or
article in order for that book or
article to appear in your search
returns.
• John OR Jim
• soccer OR football
Try visualizing it like this:
• Searching using “OR” gives you
EVERY article or book that
includes either of the two search
terms (or keywords). This sort of
search is great if you’re unsure of
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which keyword to use—you can
• Here’s another example using “OR”:

College OR University

• Your search results will show items containing either of the

search terms.
• Gold shaded area represents search results (it’s all gold).

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 NOT
“NOT” lets you exclude books or articles
from your search results that you know
won’t be useful. Here are a few examples:
• Bigfoot NOT truck
• Rock NOT geology
Try visualizing a “NOT” search like this:
• If I’m interested in rock music and I
search “rock,” I may get a lot of search
returns that relate to geology,
something totally unrelated to rock
music. But I can get rid of all those
useless geology search returns by
searching: rock NOT geology. This
means I have a lot fewer search returns
to weed through.

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• Another example of using “NOT”

Cats NOT Dogs

• Search results containing only information on cats, but

nothing on dogs.
• Purple shaded are represents search results.

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 CYBERCRIME
• Cybercrime, or computer-oriented crime, is a crime that
involves a computer and a network. The computer may have
been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the
target. Cybercrime may threaten a person, company or
a nation's security and financial health.
• Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial
health. Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become
high-profile, particularly those surrounding cracking,
copyright infringement, child pornography.
• There are also problems of privacy when confidential
information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

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• Computer crimes may be divided into two categories:
1. Crimes that target computers directly ;
2. Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices.
The primary target of which is independent of computer
network or device.
Some of the cyber crimes are mentioned below:
Spam- the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial
purpose is un-lawful.

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