CONVENTIONS IN

CITING SOURCES
OF INFORMATION
LESSON 2
TERMINOLOGIES
RESEARCH
Is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with
suitable methodologies set by specific fields and academic disciplines.

A thorough investigation with 5 basic steps:

1. Introduction
2. Review of related literature
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
TERMINOLOGIES

CITATION
Means formally acknowledging the source of
information that follows certain conventions
depending on the subject explored.
TERMINOLOGIES
PLAGIARISM
Is a practice of someone else’s work or ideas and
passing them off as one’s own.

This could also mean

Stealing an intellectual
copying piracy
property
TERMINOLOGIES
CONVENTIONS IN CITING SOURCES
Different academic disciplines and journals have unique
formatting guidelines for citing sources and formatting
research reports. Remarkably, there are hundreds of different
guidelines for citing sources. And the most popular citation
styles used in colleges and universities are the MLA and
APA.
 CITATION STYLES
MLA (Modern Language Association)
commonly required citation style by Humanities
professors.
APA (American Psychological
Association)
commonly required citation style by Education and
Social Science professors.
Introduction
Citing sources of information or
REFERENCE is the way you tell your
readers that certain material in your work
came from another source and it Is not
originally yours.
 You need to cite sources
when you are using or
referring to somebody’s else’s
words or ideas.
 CITE SOURCES FROM:
Magazine Movie
Book Web Page
Newspaper Computer Program
Song Advertisement
TV Program Letters
IMPORTANCE OF CITING
SOURCES
1. It signals that your paper should be taken seriously since it has a
source.
2. It shows that you respect other people’s work.
3. It helps your reader find additional materials if he/she wishes to
learn more about your topic.
4. Plagiarism is avoided. Plagiarism means copying the work of other
people without acknowledging them.
5. It provides a sense of trust to your reader.
6. It enhances credibility of whatever you may explaining.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PRIMARY SOURCES
Primary sources are firsthand documents
that provide direct evidence on your topic.
 PRIMARY SOURCES
Autobiographies
Archives and manuscripts
Pictures, video and audio
recordings, films
Journals, letters, diaries
Speeches, scrap books
Published books, newspaper
Magazine clippings
Government publications/
documents
Oral histories
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SOURCES OF INFORMATION

SECONDARY SOURCES
Secondary sources are sources that analyze,
interpret and describe the primary sources.
 CTTO “CREDIT TO THE
CTTO
OWNER”
which means “credit to the owner” is
primarily used when people share photos or videos
or posts that were not taken nor made by them.
Some people use it but the credit is not actually
given because the source is not named. It is still
proper to name the source to give the credit.
URL “Uniform Resource Locator”
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or web
address is a reference to a web resource. This is
important in citing online sources of information.

Example:
https://www.computerhope.com
 RULES IN CAPITALIZATION
1.  For all sources other than periodical titles (that is, newspapers, magazines,
and scholarly journals), capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and
proper nouns only. Do not capitalize the rest.

EXAMPLES:
Personal finances: For self-reliance
Style check: A concise guide to good writing and usage.
 RULES IN CAPITALIZATION
2. All major words in periodical titles should be
capitalized.

EXAMPLE:
Psychology Today, Journal of Health Care
for the Poor and Underserved
 RULES IN CAPITALIZATION
3. ARTICLE TITLES - capitalize the first word of the title and
subtitle and proper nouns only.

EXAMPLES:
Covid-19 – navigating the unchartered
Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of
adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China: A
retrospective cohort study
 RULES IN CAPITALIZATION
4. JOURNAL TITLES – use italics and capitalize all
major words.

EXAMPLES:
American Journal of Distance Education
Philippine Journal of Allied Health Sciences
 RULES IN CAPITALIZATION
5. BOOK TITLES – use italics and capitalize the first word or
the title and subtitle and proper nouns only.

EXAMPLES:
Student cheating and plagiarism in the internet era:
A wake-up call
Writing and Grammar: Communication in Action
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES
ON YOUR MODULE: