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Osmoregulation and
Excretion
MATERIALS FOR
BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD PREPARATION
PowerPoint Lectures for DWIWARNA HIGH BOARDING SCHOOL, BOGOR
Biology, Seventh Edition INSTRUCTOR:
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece WIDIATI and SUGANDA KUSMANA
CORRESPONDENCE:
suganda_kusmana@yahoo.com
Lectures by Chris Romero
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Overview: A balancing act
Figure 44.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osmoregulation
– Regulates solute concentrations and balances
the gain and loss of water
• Excretion
– Gets rid of metabolic wastes
• Euryhaline animals
– Can survive large fluctuations in external
osmolarity
Figure 44.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Marine Animals
• Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers
Uptake of Excretion of
salt ions large amounts of
by gills water in dilute
urine from kidneys
100 µm
Ingested Ingested
in food (0.2) in food (750)
Ingested
Water in liquid
gain (1,500)
Removing
RESULTSthe fur of a camel increased the rate
of water loss through sweating by up to 50%.
4
0
CONCLUSION
The fur of camels plays a critical role in
Control group Experimental group
their conserving water in the hot desert (Unclipped fur) (Clipped fur)
environments where they live.
Figure 44.6
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transport Epithelia
• Transport epithelia
– Are specialized cells that regulate solute
movement
– Are essential components of osmotic
regulation and metabolic waste disposal
– Are arranged into complex tubular networks
–NH2
Amino groups
Many reptiles
Most aquatic Mammals, most (including
animals, including amphibians, sharks,
birds), insects,
most bony fishes some bony fishes
land snails
O
H
C
HN C N
NH2 C O
O C C C N
NH3 O N
NH2 H H
Ammonia Urea Uric acid
Figure 44.8
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Forms of Nitrogenous Wastes
• Different animals
– Excrete nitrogenous wastes in different forms
Filtrate
tubule
into the excretory tubule.
Figure 44.9
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Key functions of most excretory systems are
– Filtration, pressure-filtering of body fluids
producing a filtrate
– Reabsorption, reclaiming valuable solutes from
the filtrate
– Secretion, addition of toxins and other solutes
from the body fluids to the filtrate
– Excretion, the filtrate leaves the system
Cilia
Interstitial fluid
filters through
membrane where
cap cell and tubule
cell interdigitate
(interlock)
Tubule cell
Flame
bulb
Protonephridia
(tubules) Tubule
Nephridiopore
Figure 44.10 in body wall
Coelom
Capillary
network
Bladder
Collecting
tubule
Nephridio-
pore
Figure 44.11 Nephrostome Metanephridia
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Metanephridia consist of tubules
– That collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute
urine for excretion
Rectum
Hindgut
Intestine
Midgut Malpighian
(stomach) tubules
Salt, water, and Feces and urine
Anus
nitrogenous
wastes
Malpighian
tubule
Rectum
Reabsorption of H2O,
ions, and valuable
organic molecules
HEMOLYMPH
Figure 44.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Insects produce a relatively dry waste matter
– An important adaptation to terrestrial life
Aorta Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
• Both ureters
– Drain into a common urinary bladder
Renal
medulla
Renal
cortex
Renal
pelvis
Ureter
Section of kidney from a rat
Figure 44.13b (b) Kidney structure
Collecting
SEM
duct 20 µm
Efferent Distal
Renal
arteriole from tubule
To medulla glomerulus
renal
pelvis Branch of Collecting
renal vein duct
Descending
Loop limb
of
Ascending
Henle
limb
H+ NH3 K+ H+
CORTEX
2 Descending limb 3 Thick segment
Filtrate of loop of of ascending
H2O Henle limb
Salts (NaCl and others)
NaCl
HCO3– H2O
H+
OUTER NaCl
Urea
MEDULLA
Glucose; amino acids
Some drugs 3 Thin segment 5 Collecting
of ascending duct
limb
Key Urea
Figure 44.14
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Secretion and reabsorption in the proximal
tubule
– Substantially alter the volume and composition
of filtrate
Figure 44.15
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The countercurrent multiplier system involving
the loop of Henle
– Maintains a high salt concentration in the
interior of the kidney, which enables the kidney
to form concentrated urine
Drinking reduces
blood osmolarity
to set point
ADH
Increased
permeability
Pituitary
gland
Distal
tubule
H2O reab-
sorption helps
STIMULUS: prevent further
The release of ADH is osmolarity
triggered when osmo- increase
receptor cells in the Collecting duct
hypothalamus detect an
increase in the osmolarity
of the blood
Homeostasis:
Blood osmolarity
Figure 44.16a
(a) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances fluid retention by making
the kidneys reclaim more water.
Arteriole
constriction
Adrenal gland
Angiotensin II
Distal
tubule
Angiotensinogen
JGA
Renin
production
Renin
Figure 44.17
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 44.6: Diverse adaptations of the
vertebrate kidney have evolved in different
environments
• The form and function of nephrons in various
vertebrate classes
– Are related primarily to the requirements for
osmoregulation in the animal’s habitat
Desert iguana
Beaver (Castor canadensis)
(Dipsosaurus dorsalis)
FRESHWATER FISHES AND AMPHIBIANS
MARINE BONY FISHES
Rainbow trout
(Oncorrhynchus mykiss) Northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)