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Figure 5.1
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
HO 1 2 3 H HO H
HO 1 2 3 4 H
Longer polymer
Figure 5.2A (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 4 H
HO 1 2 3 H HO H
H O H O H O H O
C C C C
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
Aldoses
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
H H C OH H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH
Glyceraldehyde
H H C OH H C OH
Ribose H H
Glucose Galactose
H H H
H C OH H C OH H C OH
C O C O C O
Ketoses
H C OH H C OH HO C H
H H C OH H C OH
Dihydroxyacetone H C OH H C OH
H H C OH
Ribulose H
Figure 5.3 Fructose
2 CH2OH
H C OH 5C O H 5
C O 6
H H H H H O
HO
3
C H
5 H
H H H
4
C C
1 4
C 1
C 4 1
4 OH H OH H OH
H C OH O HO 3 2 OH
OH OH OH
5 3 C 2
C 3
C C
2
H C OH
H OH
6 H OH H OH
H C OH
Figure 5.4 (a) Linear and ring forms. Chemical equilibrium between the linear and ring
structures greatly favors the formation of rings. To form the glucose ring,
carbon 1 bonds to the oxygen attached to carbon 5.
Figure 5.5
1 m
Amylose Amylopectin
0.5 m
Glycogen
OH OH OH OH
0.5 m
Plant cells
CH2OH OH CH2OH OH
O O O O
OH OH OH OH
O O O O O
O CH OH OH CH2OH
H
2 Cellulose
CH2OH OH CH2OH OH molecules
O O O O
OH OH OH OH
Parallel cellulose molecules are O O O O O
O CH OH CH
held together by hydrogen 2 OH 2OH
H
bonds between hydroxyl CH2OH OH CH2OH OH
O O O O
groups attached to carbon OH OH
O OH O O
OH O
atoms 3 and 6. O CH OH O A cellulose molecule
OH CH2OH
H
2
is an unbranched
Figure 5.8 Glucose glucose polymer.
monomer
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cellulose is difficult to digest
– Cows have microbes in their stomachs to
facilitate this process
Figure 5.9
(a) The structure of the (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton (c) Chitin is used to make a
chitin monomer. of arthropods. This cicada strong and flexible surgical
is molting, shedding its old thread that decomposes after
exoskeleton and emerging the wound or incision heals.
Figure 5.10 A–C in adult form.
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
N(CH )
3 3 Choline
CH2
O
O P O–
Phosphate
O
CH2 CH CH2
Glycerol
O O
C O C O
Fatty acids
Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
(c) Phospholipid
(b) Space-filling model
Figure 5.13 (a) Structural formula symbol
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The structure of phospholipids
– Results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell
membranes
WATER
Hydrophilic
head
WATER
Hydrophobic
tail
Figure 5.14
H3C CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
Figure 5.15 HO
Table 5.1
Glucose
Enzyme
OH (sucrase)
H2O
Fructose
H O
• A protein
– Consists of one or more polypeptides
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH2
S
H2C CH2
NH O
CH2
H2N C C
CH2 CH2 CH2 O–
O O O H
H3N+ C C H3N+ C C H3N+ C C
O– O– O–
H H H
Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro)
Figure 5.17
Acidic Basic
(a) H2O
OH
DESMOSOMES
DESMOSOMES Side
OH SH chains
Peptide
CH2 CH2 bond CH2
H H H
H N C C N C C N C C OH Backbone
H O H O H O
Groove
Groove
Amino LeuPro
CysLysSeu
Glu
subunits
end
Met
Val
Lys
Val
Leu
Asp
AlaVal ArgGly
Ser
Pro
Ala
Glu Lle
Asp
Thr
Lys
Ser
Lys Trp Tyr
Leu Ala
Gly
lle
Ser
ProPhe
His Glu
His
Ala
Glu
Val
Ala Thr PheVal
Asn
lle
Thr
Asp Tyr Ala
Arg
Ser Arg Ala
Gly Pro
Leu
Leu
Ser
Pro
SerTyr
Tyr
Thr Ser
Thr
Ala
Val o
Val LysGlu c
Thr
AsnPro o–
R R R R
O C O O C O H
C H H H C
H C N HC H H
C N HC N N C NH C N C N HC N
H H C H O C H
C O C O O C
R R R
R H R H
C C
N H O C N H O C
N H N H
O C O C helix
H C R H C H C R H C R
R
N H O C N H
O C
O C N H O C N H
C C
R H R H
Figure 5.20
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tertiary structure
Collagen
Chains
Iron
Heme
Chains
Hemoglobin
+
H3N
Amino end
Amino acid
subunits
helix
• Sickle-cell disease
– Results from a single amino acid substitution in
the protein hemoglobin
Quaternary Hemoglobin A Quaternary
structure structure Hemoglobin S
Function Molecules
interact with
Function Molecules do one another to
not associate crystallize into a
with one fiber, capacity to
another, each carry oxygen is
carries oxygen. 10 m 10 m greatly reduced.
Red blood Normal cells are
cell shape full of individual Red blood Fibers of abnormal
hemoglobin cell shape hemoglobin
molecules, each deform cell into
carrying oxygen sickle shape.
Figure 5.21
Hollow
cylinder
Chaperonin Steps of Chaperonin 2 The cap attaches, causing 3 The cap comes
(fully assembled) Action: the cylinder to change shape in off, and the properly
1 An unfolded poly- such a way that it creates a folded protein is
peptide enters the hydrophilic environment for the released.
Figure 5.23 cylinder from one end. folding of the polypeptide.
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the nucleus mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm Ribosome
via nuclear pore
3 Synthesis
of protein
Amino
Figure 5.25 Polypeptide acids
5’C O
3’C
5’C O
3’C
3’ end
OH
(a) Polynucleotide,
Figure 5.26 or nucleic acid
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Each polynucleotide
– Consists of monomers called nucleotides
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
O 5’C
O P O CH2
O
O
Phosphate
3’C
group Pentose
sugar
Purines
NH2 O
N CC N C C
N NH
HC HC
N C CH N C
N N NH2
H H
Adenine Guanine
A G
Pentose sugars
5” 5”
HOCH2 O OH HOCH2 O OH
4’ H H 1’ 4’ H H 1’
H 3’ 2’ H H H
3’ 2’
OH H OH OH
Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Base pair (joined by
hydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Nucleotide
about to be
added to a
3’ new strand
A
end
5’ end
3’ end New
strands
• Organization
– Is the key to the chemistry of life