Chapter - 6

Refuse Collection, Storage and

Disposal

Mr. Haile Belete (M.Sc)

02/24/2021 1
 The need for integrated solid waste management :

The problem associated with waste becomes complex due to:

Population growth – more demand for basic needs, more
waste
production, and assimilative capacity of nature decreases
Industrialization – generation of waste streams with new
properties (hazardous)
“If we don’t change our direction, we’re likely to end up where
we’re headed.”
Chinese Proverb

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 What is Solid Waste Management?
The discipline associated with the control of:
•
Generation,
•
Storage,
•
Collection,
•
Transfer and transport,
•
Processing, and
•
Disposal of solids wastes

SWM :- best principles of public health, Economics, Engineering,

conservation, aesthetic, and other environmental considerations, and
that is also responsive to public attitudes.
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 The major current global environmental issues

• Global warming (climate change)

• Ozone layer depletion
• Acid rain
• Trans boundary movement
and disposal of hazardous wastes
• Land degradation
• Energy crisis
• Deforestation
•
• Biodiversity reduction, etc.

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 Elements of SWM system
A comprehensive municipal solid waste management (MSWM)
system includes some or all of the following activities:
 Setting policies;
 Developing and enforcing regulations;
 Planning and evaluating municipal MSWM activities by system

Designers, users, and other stakeholders;

 Using waste characterization studies to adjust systems to the types

of waste generated;
 Physically handling waste and recoverable materials, including

separation, collection, composting, incineration, and landfilling

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 What is integrated waste management?
• Integrated waste management is a frame of reference for
designing and implementing new waste management systems
and for analysing and optimising existing systems.

• Integrated waste management is based on the concept that all

aspects of a waste management system (technical and non-
technical) should be analysed together
since they are in fact interrelated and in one
developments
area frequently affect practices or activities in another area.

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17
Conventional hierarchy Evolving hierarchy
Disposal Prevention
Treatment Reuse
Recycle Recycle

Reuse Treatment
Prevention Disposal

Source: Guidelines on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

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Priority of waste management System
(Material flow)
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 Solid waste management hierarchy (UNEP)
1. Prevent the production of waste, or reduce the amount generated.
2. Reduce the toxicity or negative impacts of the waste that
is generated.
3. Reuse in their current forms the materials recovered from the
waste stream.
4. Recycle, compost, or recover materials for use as direct or indirect
inputs to new products.

5. Recover energy by incineration, anaerobic digestion, or similar

processes.
6. Reduce the volume of waste prior to disposal.
7. Dispose of residual solid waste in an environmentally sound
manner, generally in landfills.
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 Waste management hierarchy according to the book titled “Green
Engineering: Environmental Conscious Design of Chemical
Processes”:
1. Source reduction
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
4. Recover
5. Treatment
6. Secure disposal
7. Direct release to the environment (good personal judgment is
required)

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 Solid Waste Characteristics

I. Composition by Identifiable Items

• Composition is the term used to describe the individual

components that make up a solid waste stream and their
relative distribution, usually based on percent by weight.

• A waste composition study, commonly known as waste sort, is

needed to estimate the fraction of various waste material or
items present in a waste stream.

• A waste sort is done for various projects such as designing of

recycling programs or finding out whether a waste is suitable for
incineration
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• To estimate an overall composition of municipal solid waste, an
idea regarding the ratio of waste from households and
from
• commercial and major
The following institutional
issues sources
need tomust
be beresolved
determined
prior to
undertaking a waste sort:
Purpose of the study
Sorting location
Number of samples to be analyzed
Waste sort design
Sample sorting
Statistical analysis of the data

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 Purpose of the study

• The purpose of the study is important for developing a list of

items that will be sorted out of the waste.

• For instance, the list of items to be identified for incineration of

will target based on heating value or pollution potential.

• On the other hand, if the purpose is to identify recyclable items

present in waste, then the list needs to include items that can be
recycled.

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 Moisture Content

• Moisture content of wastes are relevant when estimating the

calorific value, landfill sizing, reactor sizing etc.

• Drying is usually done in an oven at 77ºC (170ºF) for 24 h to

ensure complete dehydration and yet avoid undue vaporization
of volatile material. Temperatures above this will melt
some
plastics and cause one unholy mess. 44
 Phase III: Truck from house to house

• Once the refuse is in the truck, it is compacted as the truck

moves from house to house. The higher the compaction ratio,
the more refuse the truck can carry before it has to make a trip
to the landfill
Example 1: Assume each household produces 56 lb of refuse per
week How many customers can a 20-
yd3 truck that compacts the refuse to 500 lb/yd3 collect before
it has to make a trip to the landfill?
Soln:
20 yd3 * 500 lb/yd3 = 10,000 lb
10,000 lb / 56 lb/customer = 178 customers

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 Example 2: A truck is found to be able to service customers at a rate of
1.25 customers per minute. If they find that the actual time they
spend
onIfcollection
Soln: is 4service
the crew can hours, how
1.25many customers
customers in onecan be served
minute, whatper
canday?
they
do in 4 * 60 minutes?

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Example 3: Calculate the number of collection vehicles a community
would need if it has a total of 5000 services (customers) that are
to
be collected once per week. A single truck can service 300
customers in a single day
Soln: A single truck can service 300 customers in a single day and
still
Wednesdays for special projects and truck maintenance.
leaving
have timeonto Mondays,
collect take the full loads Thursdays,
Tuesdays, to the landfill. The town wants to
and Fridays,

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Typical Examples of Waste Processing

Fig. Yard waste processing alternatives

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THE END …..
Thank you!

“People don’t care how much you know or have,

until they know how much you care.”