LESSON

Reasoning in
2
Geometry
 OBJECT
IVES
•distinguish between
deductive and inductive
reasoning;
•provide formal arguments
that explain results of a
phenomenon or a situation.
SCRIPTURA
L TEXT Ephesians 5:2
“Live a life of love, just as Christ
loved us and give himself up for us
as a fragrant offering and sacrifice
to God.”
 ESSENTIAL
QUESTION
How can past knowledge
help in understanding the
ways to plan for the future?
GEOMETRY is one branch
of mathematics designed
primarily to hone student’s
ability to provide logical
reasoning for a phenomenon or
a situation.
 TYPES
OF
REASONIN
A. INTUITION
• “Scientific Guessing”
• A type of cognition which could be an idea, a model or a system
of belief
• It supports reading a conclusion on the basis of incomplete
information.

Ex. Inside an auditorium, the organizer of a meeting

waited for the last 5 participants. When they came one
after the other, wet and having umbrella, the organizer
concluded that “It was raining outside”.
B. ANALOGY
• The ability to reason with relational pattern

?
C. INDUCTION
• A process of drawing conclusion based on sets of observations.
• Specific examples to General statements

Ex. Five students of Lawang Bato Elementary School were hospitalized

because of dengue. They reside in different places near the school. Is it
logical to conclude that the students acquire the dengue virus in school?

If inductive reasoning is to be used, there is a reason to believe that

the dengue virus is acquired in school as indicated by the fact that the
students reside in different places.
D. DEDUCTION
• Process of proving stated facts using logical valid steps to
arrive at a conclusion.

Example:

Statement 1: All rectangles have congruent diagonals.

Statement 2: Squares have congruent diagonals.
Conclusion: Squares are rectangles.
DEDUCTIVE PROOF
(Two-column form or Paragraph form)
 PARAGRAPH FORM
LAW OF DETACHMENT or MODUS
PONENS
In symbols,
Statement 1: If p then q.
Statement 2: p
Conclusion : q
 Law of Detachment
Example 1

Statement 1: If you are a penguin, then you live

in the Southern Hemisphere.
Statement 2: You are a penguin.

Conclusion : You live in Southern Hemisphere.

 PARAGRAPH FORM
LAW OF SYLLOGISM or CHAIN RULE
If p implies q and q implies r then p implies r.
In symbols,
Statement 1: If p then q.
Statement 2: If q then r.
Conclusion : If p then r.
 Law of Syllogism
Example 1

Statement 1: If you are a fish then you live in the sea.

Statement 2: If you live in the sea then you know how
to swim.
Conclusion: If you are a fish then you know how to
swim.
TWO-COLUMN FORM
STATEMENTS REASONS
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
 PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Reflexive Property of Equality (RPE)
For every real number x, x = x.
Illustrations:
a. 7 = 7 b. 4+3 = 4+3

Symmetric Property of Equality (SymPE)

For every real number x and y,
if x = y, then y = x.
Illustrations:
a. If 2 + 3 = 5, then 5 = 2 + 3
b. If 3 = 5(2) - 7, then 5(2) – 7 = 3
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Transitive Property of Equality (TPE)
For every real number x, y and z,
if x = y and y = z, then x = z.
Illustrations:
a. If 2 + 5 = 7 and 7 = 3 + 4, then 2 + 5 = 3 + 4.
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Addition Property of Equality (APE)
For every real number x, y and z,
if x = y, then x + z = y + z.
Illustrations:
a. If 5 = 2 + 3, then 5 + 6 = (2 + 3) + 6
b. If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) + 4 = 9 + 4
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)
For every real number x, y and z,
if x = y, then x - z = y - z.
Illustrations:
a. If 5 = 2 + 3, then 5 - 6 = (2 + 3) - 6
b. If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) - 4 = 9 - 4
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
For every real number x, y and z,
if x = y, then xz = yz.
Illustrations:
a. If 5 = 2 + 3, then 5(6) = (2 + 3)(6)
b. If 3(6) = 2(9), then ½ [3(6)] = ½ [2(9)]
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Substitution Property of Equality (SubsPE)
For every real number x and y, if x = y, then x and y may be
substituted for each other in any equation.

Distributive Property of Equality

For all real numbers x, y, and z,
x( y + z ) = xy + xz
 Two-column form
If 3x – 5 = 10, then x = 5.
Given: 3x – 5 = 10
Prove: x = 5
Proof:
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 3x – 5 = 10 1. GIVEN
2. 3x = 15 2. APE
3. x =5 3. MPE
SCRIPTURA
L TEXT Ephesians 5:2
“Live a life of love, just as Christ
loved us and give himself up for us
as a fragrant offering and sacrifice
to God.”
S M
A