|

|
 
   
|
!"#
h Function and processes of the digestive system
h Anatomy of the digestive system
h Motility
h Secretion
h Regulation of GI function
h Digestion and absorption

|
 
   
|
!"#
h £he gastrointestinal tract is a long tube passing
through the body that opens to the outside world on
both ends. £hus, the contents can be considered to be
part of the external environment.
h £he primary function is to move nutrients, water, and
electrolytes from the external environment into the
body¶s internal environment
h £he food we eat is in the form of macromolecules
that must be broken down. £he digestive system
secretes enzymes to break down food.

|
 
   
|
$   %!"#
-. Digestion: Mechanical and chemical breakdown of
foods into units that can be taken across the intestinal
epithelium into the body.
2. Absorption: Active or passive transfer of substances
from the lumen of the GI tract to the extracellular fluid.
3. Motility: Movement of material in the GI tract as a result
of muscle contraction.
4. Secretion: Both the transepithelial transfer of water and
ions from the ECF to the digestive tract lumen and the
release of substances synthesized by the GI epithelial
cells.
5. Immune: Repelling foreign invaders via gut-associated
lymphoid tissue (GAL£ . 80% of lymphocytes found in
small intestive.
|
 
   
|
   %!"#

|
 
   
| Figure 21-1
!"#& 
*ral cavity A esophagus A stomach A small intestine A
large intestine A rectum

|
 
   
| Figure 21-2a
!"#& 
h Mouth and pharynx
h Mechanical and chemical digestion (secretion of saliva by salivary glands
h Esophagus
h Stomach
h Fundus (top A body A antrum
h Mechanical and chemical digestion: Mixing food and acid and enzymes to create
—
.
h uyloric valve
h Lets out only small amount of chyme at a time, regulated by integrated signals and
feedback loops between the intestines and stomach.
h Small intestine
h Duodenum (25cm A jejunum A ileum
h Most digestion and absorption takes place here via intestinal enzymes and exocrine
secretions from the liver and pancreas (which enter the duodenum via ducts
h Accessory organs: pancreas and liver
h Large intestine: colon and rectum
h About -.5L/day of the 7L/day of chyme generated ends up entering the colon.
h Water and electrolytes are absorbed out of the chyme and into the ECF to make
feces.
h Anus
|
 
   
|
!"#& '() %*
+,
-. Mucosa (Inner Layer
h Epithelial cells
h Lamina propria (connective tissue and immune cells
h Muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle
h Modifications increase surface area
2. Submucosa (connective tissue, nerves, blood and
lymph vessels
3. Muscularis externa
h Smooth muscle in layers
h Nerves
4. Serosa (*uter Layer
h Connective £issue
|
 
   
|
!"#& '-  %*+
h Entire wall folds
h Rugae in the stomach
h ulicae in the small intestine
h Mucosal folds
h Intestinal Villi project into the lumen
h £ubular Invaginations of the Surface
h Gastric Glands in the stomach
h Crypts in the intestine

|
 
   
|
!"#& 

|
 
   
| Figure 21-2c
!"#& 

Animation: Digestive System: Anatomy Review:

)&. Overall Function of the GI System
|
 
   
| Figure 21-2e

|
h £he type changes from section to section.
h 4 Epithelial Cell £ypes
-. £ransport Cells:
h Move water and ions into and out of the lumen
and absorb nutrients from lumen.
2. Endocrine
h Release hormones
3. Secretory Cells
h Release enzymes, mucus, and paracrine
molecules into the lumen
4. Stem
h Create new cells
|
 
   
|
/ '- /0/ " %- 
h £onic contractions
h Sustained
h Smooth muscle sphincters and stomach
h uhasic contractions
h Last a few seconds
h ueristalsis moves bolus forward
h Segmentation mixes

|
 
   
|
|  *+

|
 
   
| Figure 21-4a
/ 

)&. Animation: Digestive System: Motility

|
 
   
| Figure 21-4b
# 
Daily mass fluid balance in digestive system

|
 
   
| Figure 21-5
&#  |

|
 
   
| Figure 21-6
1  # ! '
-  ! |

|
 
   
| Figure 21-8
# 
Cl± secretion by intestinal colonic crypt cells

|
 
   
| Figure 21-9
# 
h Digestive enzymes secreted into mouth, stomach and
intestine
h Mucous cells in stomach and goblet cells in intestine:
urotective of the lining
h Saliva is an exocrine secretion with digestive
enzymes.
h Liver secretes bile. Gallbladder stores the bile until
needed for digestion:
h Bile salts act as detergents to solubilize fats,
facilitating enzymatic fat digestion

)&. Animation: Digestive System: Secretion

|
 
   
|
2  %*- 
h Long reflexes integrated in CNS
h Short reflexes integrated in Enteric Nervous System
(ENS
h Intrinsic neurons of the two nerve plexuses of the
digestive tract lie completely w/in the wall of the gut.
£hey carry out reflexes that are independent of control
from the CNS
h Reflexes involving GI peptides (Hormones,
Neuropeptides and Cytokines

|
 
   
|
 2  %*- 
Integration of long and short reflexes in the digestive
system External
stimulus KEY
Stimulus
(sight, smell,
etc.)
Receptor

Sensory Integrating
receptors center

Efferent pathway

The Tissue response

cephalic Short reflexes
brain
Sympathetic and Long reflexes
parasympathetic
neurons

Muscle contraction/relaxation
Neurons or
of Smooth
Sensory Exocrine secretion (enzymes,
Local Inter- myenteric muscles mucus, acid, bicarbonate),
receptors or
stimulus neurons and Paracrines
and submucosal secretory or
(pH, stretch, neurons plexuses cells Endocrine secretions
osmolarity,
products of Enteric nervous system Digestive system
Effectors responses
digestion) ³The little brain´

|
 
   
| Figure 21-11
2*3)&+414-*-31|+41
h Cephalic Reflexes: long reflexes that originate
completely outside the digestive system. £he smooth
muscle and glands of the GI tract are under
autonomic control. In general, parasympathetic
neurons to the GI tract are excitatory and sympathetic
are inhibitory.
h Feedforward Reflexes
h Begin with stimuli such as the sight, smell, sound,
or thought of food.
h urepare the digestive system for food (mouth
watering, movement of the stomach
h Emotional Reflexes
h usychologically induced diarrhea
h Butterflies in your stomach
|
 
   
|
2  %*- 
Reflexes involving GI ueptides

|
 
   
| Figure 21-12