LECTURE 1

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Stock Exchange = Pasar

Modal
 IMPORTANT MESSAGES
1. QUESTIONS
• Why
• Is your system running well?,
why?
– Your study
• You may not know, then check
– What is your final academic performance?, IP
<3? (not good)
– Your social life
• You may not know, then check
– Do you have a lot of friends?, <3 (not good)
– Your family
• You may not know, then check
– Do you have a chance to put forward your
opinion in you family?
 Message
• Sejarah Pertanian
– Berburu :Hasil 50 x lebih rendah
dari menanam
– Menanam: Hasil 1/50 dari
industri
– Pekerja Industri: Hasil 1/50
dari Smart Businessmen
(Entrepreneurs)
IMPORTANT MESSAGES

• Can your system be improved?, how?

1. Specify your system in term of input,
output and process
2. Determine the main product of your system
3. Set the target to be achieved
4. Check the process of input to produce the
main product
5. Check the main input limiting the main
product
6. Check other factors influencing the
conversion of input to the main product
7. Draw a diagram connecting input, output
and other factors
2. SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
• Planning
– Why build the system?
– How should you (the team) go about
building it?
• Analysis
– Who uses system,
– what will it do,
– where and when will the system be used?
• Design
– How will the system work?
• Implementation
– System delivery
3. DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD)
 LECTURE FLOW
• INTRODUCTION
– A. DEFINITION
– B. OVERALL EMPHASIS
– C. TYPES OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
– D. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
– E. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS USE
– F. THE TERM OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• BACKGROUND
• CONCEPT OF SYSTEMS
• AN EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS: SDLC
 INTRODUCTION
A. Background
1. Many students failed to get the best
academic performance because they do
not develop a good system of study
2. Many failed systems were abandoned
because analysts tried to build
wonderful systems without
understanding the organization.
3. The primarily goal is to create
value for the organization.
3. Systems are becoming more complex, more
sophisticated, and harder to understand
4. The characteristic attributes of a problem
situation where systems analysis is called
upon are complexity of the issue and
uncertainty of the outcome of any course of
action that might reasonably be taken
5. The heavy reliance of most organisations on
information processing means that the
analyst must be more accurate, and skilful,
than ever before.
6. Systems analysis is an explicit formal
inquiry carried out to help someone
(referred to as the decision maker) identify
a better course of action and make a better
decision than he might otherwise have made
A. DEFINITION
What is Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)?
• Systems analysis means understanding the
existing system and defining the logical
requirements for a new system prior to
designing the system
• System analysis is the analysis of the
role of a proposed system and the
identification of the requirements that
it should meet.
• System analysis is the study of an
activity or procedure to determine the
desired end and the most efficient
method of obtaining this end
•Systems analysis is the
interdisci-plinary part of
science, dealing with analysis
of
– sets of interacting entities, the
systems, often prior to their
automation as computer systems, and
– the interactions within those
systems. This field is closely
related to operations research.
– Bagian sain interdisiplin yang berhubungan
dengan analisis serangkaian entitas yang
berinteraksi (sistem), sering sebelum
otomatisasi seperti sistem komputer, dan
interaksi dalam sistem
Systems Analysis: understanding and
specifying in detail what an
information system should do
– Attempts to understand how the
existing system helps solve the
problem identified in systems
investigation
• System Design: specifying in detail
how the parts of an information
system should be implemented
• Systems analysis is an explicit
formal inquiry carried out to
help someone (referred to as the
decision maker) identify a
better course of action and make
a better decision than he might
otherwise have made
• Penyelidikan formal tegas untuk
membantu seseorang (pembuat
keputusan) mengidentifikasi suatu
rangkaian aksi yang lebih baik dari
yang dapat sebaliknya buat
• The systems analyst is
– a key person analyzing the
business,
– identifying opportunities for
improvement, and
– designing information systems to
implement these ideas.
• It is important to understand
and develop through practice
the skills needed to
successfully design and
implement new information
systems.
B. OVERALL EMPHASIS
– To gather data on the existing
system and the requirements for
the new system (mengumpulan data
tentang sistem yg ada dan kebutuhan
akan sistem yang baru)
– To consider alternative solutions
to the problem and the
feasibility of the solutions
(mempertimbangkan solusi
alternatif akan problem dan
kelayakan solusi)
C. TYPES OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
– Accident Analysis
– Business analysis
– Morphological analysis
– Software prototyping
– Spiral model
– Waterfall model
INTRODUCTION

D. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
• Success of information systems
depends on good SAD
• Widely used in industry - proven
techniques
• Part of career growth in IT - lots
of interesting and well-paying
jobs!
• Increasing demand for systems
analysis skills
E. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS USE
1.The characteristic attributes of a problem
situation where systems analysis is called
upon are complexity of the issue and
uncertainty of the outcome of any course
of action that might reasonably be taken.
2.Systems analysis usually has some
combination of the following:
• identification and re-identification) of
objectives, constraintS, and alternative courses
of action;
• examination of the probable consequences of the
alternatives in terms of costs, benefits, and
risks;
• presentation of the results in a comparative
framework so that the decision maker can make an
informed choice from among the alternatives.
3. The typical use of systems analysis is to
guide decisions on issues such as national
or corporate plans and programs, resource
use and protection policies, research and
development in technology, regional and
urban development, educational systems,
and other social services.
4. Clearly, the nature of these problems
requires an interdisciplinary approach.
There are several specific kinds or
focuses of systems analysis for which
different terms are used:
• A systems analysis related to public decisions
is often referred to as a POLICY ANALYSIS.
• A systems analysis that concentrates on
comparison and ranking of alternatives on basis
of their known characteristics is referred to as
DECISION ANALYSIS.
 CONCEPT OF SYSTEMS
Basic Terms
– System: An organized relationship among the
functioning units or components, which work
in sync to achieve a common goal.
– System Study: A study of operations of a
set of connected elements and the inter
connections between these elements. It
clearly shows that no one can ignore an
element while doing a system study.
– System Approach: Shows a set of procedure
to solve a particular problem, It applies
scientific methods to understand the inter
relationship between the elements to solve
the problem.
– System analysis: It is a management
exercise, which helps us in designing a new
system or improving the existing system.
Concept of Systems

Characteristics of a system. A system can be

described as having nine characteristics
1. Components
2. Interrelations (of Components)
3. Boundary
4. Purpose
5. Environment
6. Interfaces
7. Constraints
8. Input
9. Output
 Characteristics of a
System
1. Components
– Irreducible
part
• Or

– Aggregation of parts that make a single

“object” (e.g., a modem is a single object
that is actually made of lots of circuits
and switches, etc.)
– Aggregations are called “subsystems”
 Characteristics of a
System
2. Interrelations (of Components)
– Function of one component ties it to the
function of others within the system
– System is working toward some purpose
 Characteristics of a
System
• 3) Boundary
– what separates the system from its environment
– the system lies within the boundary
 Characteristics of a
System
• 4) Purpose
– Overall goal or
function of the system
– In structured systems
design, one rule is
any system you cannot
describe in a single
phrase is actually
more than one function

– But complex system has lots of subsystems with

their own functions
– e.g. human system is to “live” but w/ sub
systems to breed (reproductive system), eat
(digestive system), etc.
 Characteristics of a
System
• 5) Environment
– Made up of
components as
well
– Are components
important? Yes
– Are components
under our
control? No

– Note that we do influence environment with

outputs. But do not control
– Examples: political, social, economical,
ecological
 Characteristics of a
System
• 6) Interfaces
– Points at which
the system meets
its environment
– Also exist between
subsystems

– In computer systems external interfaces are

“Public” and internal are “Private”
– Private interfaces can either be for privacy
or to eliminate extraneous information (and
reduce potential mistakes or info overload.
 Characteristics of a
System
• 7) Constraints
– Limitations
– Can be internal
(e.g., resources)
– Can be external
(e.g., rules and
realities)

– Constraints are limits to what a system can

do as a result of external rules and
realities or internal decisions
 Characteristics of a
System
• 8) Input
– A system takes input from its environment in order
to function
– Starts the cascade of the system
 Characteristics of a
System
• 9) Output
– Output is what a
system returns to
its environment as a
result of achieving
its purpose
– In information
systems, you have
inputs, processing,
and outputs of data

– Process is the function of the (sub)system

– Inputs are what data it takes in
– Outputs are the data or information result of the
processing
– Example, fdouble(x) = x*2 is function.
– If input is 5, output is 10.
Concept of Systems

• Modeling- What is modeling?

– Data reduction of key points
• Omits extraneous points
• What makes detail extraneous?
– Many levels of abstraction
• Why multiple levels?
• What items go on a given model
level (does the galaxy belong on
the same level of abstraction as a
skin cell when describing the
universe?)
THANK YOU
MATURNUWN
 AN EXAMPLE OF SYSTEM
ANALYSIS:
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE (SDLC)
Systems Development Life Cycle

• With the concept of systems in mind, let’s talk

about how we build information systems
• We design/build/integrate information systems
with what is called the Software Development
Lifecycle (SDLC)
• SDLC is a description of any of the methods used
by companies to create and maintain systems that
perform basic business functions
• Main goal is to improve employee efficiency by
applying software solutions to key business
tasks
– A validated methodology should be used in order to improve
odds of success. Methodologies are used to manage the
SDLC. We talk about methodologies later.
– Note: the book calls SDLC itself a methodology, but I
disagree with use of term in that way. Generally
speaking, methodologies are used to complete the SDLC, in
whatever form it takes
So what exactly is the SDLC?
• The systems development life cycle
(SDLC) is
– the process of understanding how an
information system (IS) can support
business needs, designing the system,
building it, and delivering it to users
– a series of steps used to manage the phases
of development for an information system
• Phases are not necessarily sequential
• Each phase has a specific outcome and deliverable
• Individual companies use customized life cycle
(different phases, sub-phases, sequence)
– An alternative view from the book’s (the Spiral
model) is shown in the final slide FYI
 Major Attributes of the
Life Cycle
• The project --
– Moves systematically through phases
where each phase has a standard set
of outputs
– Produces project deliverables
– Uses deliverables in implementation
– Results in actual information system
– Uses gradual refinement
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

• Four phase SDLC in book is simply used as a

example and is useful for purpose of teaching
about systems analysis and design (SA&D):

1. Planning and
Selection
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Implementation and
Operation
 Project Phases
• Planning
– Why build the system?
– How should the team go about
building it?
• Analysis
– Who uses system,
– what will it do,
– where and when will the system be
used?
• Design
– How will the system work?
• Implementation
– System delivery
A simple process for
making lunch
 Planning
Project initiation
1. Identifying business value
– Identifying needs
– Selecting from alternatives
– Rough out solution plan
2. Analyze feasibility
Project management
1. Develop work plan
2. Staff the project
3. Control and direct project
• The Planning phase is the
fundamental process of
understanding why an
information system should be
built.
• The Planning phase will also
determine how the project team
will go about building the
information system.
• The Planning phase is composed
of two planning steps.
1. During project initiation, the system’s
business value to the organization is
identified (How will it lower costs or increase
revenues?)
2. During project management, the project
manager creates a work plan, staffs the
project, and puts techniques in place to help
the project team control and direct the
project through the entire SDLC.
 Analysis
• Analysis strategy
• Gathering business
requirements
• Requirements definition use
cases
• Process modeling
• Data modeling
 Analysis
• Analysis strategy
• Gathering business
requirements
• Requirements definition use
cases
• Process modeling
• Data modeling
• The analysis phase answers the
questions of
– who will use the system,
– what the system will do, and
– where and when it will be used.
• During this phase the project team
– investigates any current system(s),
– identifies improvement opportunities, and
– develops a concept for the new system.
• This phase has three analysis steps.
Three Analysis Steps
1. Analysis strategy: This is developed
to guide the projects team’s efforts.
This includes an analysis of the
current system.
2. Requirements gathering: The analysis
of this information leads to the
development of a concept for a new
system. This concept is used to build
a set of analysis models.
3. System proposal: The proposal is
presented to the project sponsor and
other key individuals who decide
whether the project should continue
to move forward.
• The system proposal is the
initial deliverable that
describes what business
requirements the new system
should meet.
• The deliverable from this phase
is both an analysis and a high-
level initial design for the new
system.
 Design
• Design selection
• Architecture design
• Interface design
• Data storage design
• Program design
• In this phases it is decided
– how the system will operate, in
terms of the hardware, software,
and network infrastructure;
– the user interface, forms, and
reports that will be used; and
– the specific programs, databases,
and files that will be needed.
Five Design Steps
1. Design Strategy: This clarifies whether the
system will be developed by the company
or outside the company.
2. Architecture Design: This describes the
hardware, software, and network
infrastructure that will be used.
3. Database and File Specifications: These
documents define what and where the data
will be stored.
4. Program Design: Defines what programs
need to be written and what they will do.
 Implementation
• Construction
– Program building
– Program and system testing
• Installation
– Conversion strategy
– Training plan
– Support plan
 Implementation
• During this phase, the system
is either developed or
purchased (in the case of
packaged software).
• This phase is usually the
longest and most expensive
part of the process.
• The phase has three steps.
Three Implementation Steps
1.System Construction: The
system is built and tested to
make sure it performs as
designed.
2.Installation: Prepare to
support the installed system.
3.Support Plan: Includes a
post-implementation review.
 Summary
1. The Systems Development Lifecycle consists
of four stages:
– Planning,
– Analysis,
– Design, and
– Implementation
2. There are six major development
methodologies:
– the waterfall method,
– the parallel development method,
– the phased development method,
– system prototyping,
– design prototyping, and
– agile development.
3. There are five major team roles:
– business analyst,
– systems analyst,
– infrastructure analyst,
– change management analyst and
– project manager.
Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd
Edition: Alan Dennis
and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prepared by: Roberta M. Roth, University of Northern Iowa
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd
Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

AP/ITEC 3010.03 “Systems Analysis and Design, I”Course

Introduction Prof. Peter Khaiter
Email pkhaiter@yorku.ca, Class web site
http://www.atkinson.yorku.ca/~pkhaiter/ITECw103010N.htm
 Copyright © 2003
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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