SISTEM SARAF

Dr. H.Abd Rachman Tanjung AIFM

BAGIAN FISIOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERN UISU
SISTEM SYARAF
----- > sistem yang mengatur dan
mengendalikan semua kegiatan
aktifitas tubuh seperti berjalan,
menggerakkan tangan, mengunyah
dsb.
 SISTEM SARAF
Informasi  lingkungan dlm dan luar  SSP
melalui berbagai reseptor sensorik
Reseptor  mrpk “ transducer” merubah
berbagai btk energi  potensial aksi di dalam
neuron
Reseptor  mrpk bgn dr satu neuron atau sel 
potensial aksi di dalam neuron
Mis: mekanis (touch, pressure); termis (degree
warm); electromagnetic (light); chemical (taste,
odor,O2drh)
 Nervous System

A complex array of specialized

structures which serve to:
• Receive
• Store
• Transmit information
• Consist of the CNS and the PNS
• Neuron- basic unit of the NS
– 1 trillion neurons
 Neurons

• Made up of dendrites
• Soma
• Axon- axon terminal
• Has different organelles but no
centromere
• Classification according to
1. structure
2. Form
3. covering – Schwann cells
Neurons
 Properties of Nerve Fibers

1. Excitability

2. Conductivity
 Myelinated Fibers

• Schwann cells
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Saltatory Conduction
– Advantages
• faster conduction
• saves energy
• less loss of ions
Myelinated Fibers
Action Potential
 Synapse and Synaptic
Transmission
Synapse
• an anatomically specialized junction
between two neurons
• important in the transport of nerve
signals from one neuron (presynaptic) to
the next neuron (postsynaptic)
– 100 quadrillon synapses in the CNS
– 2 types
a. Electrical
b. Chemical
 Presynaptic and Postsynaptic
Neuron
Presynaptic neuron
• has lots of mitochondria
• has NTs inside vesicles
• usual forms are ; round, dense, flat and
sphenoid
• intertwining – cerebellum
• basket and climbing – midbrain

Postsynaptic neuron
• contains the receptor proteins
 Presynaptic and Postsynaptic
Neuron
Presynaptic

Postsynaptic
 Classes of Neurotransmitters

1. Acetylcholine
2. Biogenic amines – catecholamines,
serotonin, histamine
3. Amino acids – glutamate, GABA
4. Neuropeptides – endogenous opioids
5. Miscellaneous – nitric acid,
adenosine
 Factors Affecting Synaptic
Transmission

1. acid-base states
a. alkalosis
b. acidosis
2. oxygen and CO2 concentrations

• Drugs
– those that excite
– those that inhibit
Neuromuscular Junction and N-
M Transmission
 Factors affecting NM
Transmission

1. Ions
2. Drugs – curare, antibiotics
3. Acid – base conditions
4. Temperature
 SISTEM
REFLEX
PADA MANUSIA
 Motor Functions of the Spinal
Cord; the Cord Reflexes

Sensory information is integrated at all

levels of the nervous system and causes
appropriate motor response beginning in
the spinal cord with simple muscle reflexes
 REFLEXES
• Reflex Arc – basic unit of integrated reflex
activity
• Components:
1. Sense Organ 3. Synapse
2. Afferent Neurons 4.Efferent neuron
5. Effector
 Types of Reflex Arc and
Reflexes occurring in them
1. Monosynaptic – one with a single synapse
between the afferent and efferent neurons
o Monosynaptic Reflexes – Stretch Reflex
When a muscle with an intact nerve
supply is stretched, it contracts
Clinical Examples of Stretch Reflex
a. Knee jerk or patellar reflex
b. Ankle jerk
c. Biceps reflex
d. Triceps reflex
2. Polysynaptic – one or more interneurons are
interposed between afferent and efferent
neurons
 Polysynaptic Reflexes
Clinical Examples:
a. Withdrawal reflex
b. Crossed-extensor reflex
c. Abdominal reflex
d. Cremasteric reflex
Withdrawal Reflex – typical polysynaptic reflex
that occurs in response to a noxious and usually
painful stimulation of the skin or subcutaneous
tissues and muscle. The response is flexor muscle
contraction and inhibition of extensor muscle

Crossed Extensor Response – part of withdrawal

reflex. When a strong stimulus is applied to a
limb, the response include not only flexion and
withdrawal of the limb but also extension of the
opposite limb
 Importance of Withdrawal
Reflex

• The stimuli are called nociceptive stimuli

(noxious or harmful)

• Flexion of the stimulated limb gets it

away from the source of irritation and
extension of the of the limb supports the
body
 Human reflexes

Tendon reflexes
The deep tendon reflexes provide information on the integrity of the
central and peripheral nervous system. Generally, decreased
reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated
reflexes a central one.
Biceps reflex (C5, C6)
Brachioradialis reflex (C5, C6, C7)
Extensor digitorum reflex (C6, C7)
Triceps reflex (C6, C7, C8)
Patellar reflex or knee-jerk reflex (L2, L3, L4)
Ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) (S1, S2)
Plantar reflex or Babinski reflex (L5, S1, S2)
While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-
reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and Tonic
vibration reflex for those stimulated by vibration.
 Grading

Grade Description
0 Absent
1+ or + Hypoactive
2+ or ++ "Normal"
3+ or +++ Hyperactive without clonus
4+ or ++++ Hyperactive with clonus