m Demand for electricity tends to grow more rapidly than that

for energy.

m Power system planning - a forecast of future load of both

demand and energy.

m Demand forecasts - capacity of generation, transmission

and distribution system

m Energy forecasts - type of generation facilities required.

m Capacity factor is the ratio of average energy supplied to

maximum energy capability.
m Rf a demand is of 50 MW with corresponding
annual energy of only 1,00,000MWh.

m Then a peaking generating unit should be installed

instead of base load unit.

m The difference in cost between these two is often

substantial.
 Rncreasing demand is due to factors such as:
J population growth
J growth of per capita income
J migration to urban areas and
J increase in energy using products.
 There are five broad categories of loads ±
J Domestic
J Commercial
J Rndustrial
J Agricultural
J Other loads.
 Domestic loads consists of lights, fan and
household appliances such as heaters,
refrigerators, air conditioners, mixers, ovens and
small motors for pumping.

 The various factors are

J demand factor 70-100 %,
J diversity factor 1.2 ± 1.3
J load factor 10-15 %.
 Commercial loads consists of lighting for shops
and advertisement boarding, fans, air conditioning,
heating and other electrical appliances used in
commercial establishments such as shops,
restaurants, market places, etc.

 The various factors are

J demand factor is 90-100 %
J diversity factor is 1.1-1.2
J load factor is 25-30 %
m Rndustrial loads may be of the following typical power ranges:
Small scale industries 0 ± 20 kW
Medium scale industries 20 ± 100 kW
Large scale industries 100 kW & above

m The last type of load needs power over a longer period and which
remains fairly uniform throughout the day.

For large scale industries:

m demand factor may be taken as 70 ± 80 %
m load factor 60-65 %.

For heavy industries:

m demand factor may be taken as 85-90 %
m load factor of 70 ± 80 %.
 This type of load is required for supplying water for
irrigation by means of suitable pumps driven by
electric motors.

 The various factors are

J load factor is 15-25 %
J diversity factor is 1-1.5
J demand factor is 90-100 %.
 Apart from the loads mentioned above, there are
other loads such as

J bulk supplies
J street light
J traction
J government loads which have their own peculiar
characteristics.
 The character of electric load itself changes as a
function of the number of consumers.

 As the number of consumers in a group or a

system increases, the contributor to the group or
the system peak of each consumer decreases and
the high rate fluctuations decreases.
m Typical load
curve of a city:

J Œ1) domestic
J Œ2) industrial
J Œ3) commercial
J Π) total load
m System load
characteristic:

J Curve 1 ± Active
power ŒP),
J Curve 2 ± Reactive
power Œ
)
 Rn a region of 80-120 of rated Œnominal) voltage, the voltage
dependence of composite system loads can be expressed by the
following relations.

J ÿn¶ is the nominal values

J exponent a lies in the range 0.6 to 1. ŒAverage a = 1)
J exponent b lies in the range 1.5 to 3.2 ŒAverage a = 2)

 The real power consumption varies directly with the voltage, while
the reactive power requirement varies with the square of voltage.