Cyanocobalamin

m
 
mitamin B12

Ô also called V


Ô a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the
normal functioning of the:

× brain and nervous system

× formation of blood
× involved in the metabolism of every cell
× DNA synthesis and regulation
× fatty acid synthesis
× energy production
Ô produced industrially only through
BACTERIAL-FERMENTATION SYNTHESIS

Ô It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt.

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small amounts of unbound

crystalline B12 can be absorbed
through the mucous
membrane

Food protein-bound
vitamin B12 is digested in
the stomach by proteolytic
gastric enzymes , which
require an acid pH
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Õ

  
 


haptocorrins & cobalaphilins

+
free vitamin B12 3

î
= B12-R complex

proteases digest R-proteins

î
î
  and release B12 then,
free B12 + IF = IF/B12

IF/B12 + Ileal Receptor

= PORTAL IF/B12 = TC-II/B12
CIRCULATION
TC-IIB12 + Cell
Receptor
(Endocytosis)
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ë Lacto-ovo megetarian
Ñ is a vegetarian who does not eat animal flesh of any
kind, but is willing to consume dairy and egg
products.
megan
Ñ consumes no animal products
Ñ will lack B12 unless they consume multivitamin
supplements or B12-fortified foods
mitamin B12 Deficiency

Ô B12 deficiency is the cause of pernicious anemia

Ô an anemic disease that was usually fatal and had
unknown etiology when it was first described in
medicine.
Ô generally limited to vegan children, who are at risk
due to higher needs of the vitamin
Ô no intake of animal products that contain it
Ô The cure, and B12, were discovered by accident
× Large amount of Iron intake
Ô megans are generally encouraged to ingest B12
supplements
Ô total amount of vitamin B12 stored in body is
about 2Ȃ5 mg in adult
Ô Around 50% of this is stored in the live
Ô Approximately 0.1% of this is lost per day
Ô Bile is the main form of B12 excretion
ë Dietary Reference Intake

Ô mitamin B12 is believed to be safe when used orally

in amounts that do not exceed the recommended
dietary allowance (RDA)

Ô mitamin B12 has extremely low toxicity

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ë V 
VV

Ô A sugar acid with antioxidant properties

Ô Its appearance is white to light-yellow crystals or
powder, and it is water-soluble
Ô A form of ascorbic acid is commonly known as
vitamin C
× Y (meaning "no") and scorbutus (scurvy)
Ô Also referred to as ·
uronic Yciddz
Ô Sources includes citrus fruits
Ô used as a reductant in photographic developer
solutions (among others) and as a preservative

Ô Exposure to oxygen, metals, light, or heat

destroys ascorbic acid, so it must be stored in a
dark, cold, and non-metallic container

Ô Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and

calcium salts are commonly used as antioxidant
food additives
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 M3 


ë Ascorbic acid is found in plants, animals, and
single-cell organisms
Ô All animals either make it, eat it, or else die from
scurvy due to lack of it
Primates, including humans, and a few other
species in all divisions of the animal
kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost
the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid, and
must obtain it in their food
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ë SCURmY
Ô is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin
C
Ô common among sailors, pirates and others aboard
ships at sea and soldiers
Ô In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as

  
Ô Other eponyms include      and

     .
Ô Treated with mitamin C
ë Manifestations
Ô formation of spots on the skin
Ô spongy gums
Ô bleeding from the mucous
membranes
Ô spots are most abundant on the
thighs and legs
Ô looks pale
Ô feels depressed
Ô partially immobilized. In advanced
scurvy there are open, suppurating
wounds and loss of teeth.
u  
ë Diet that includes
certain citrus fruits
ë Some vegetables
ë Animal Product
ë Other products