Or ganic Chemistr y

Molecular Compounds (Covalent Bond)

Dr . Dikdik Kurnia , M . Sc

Laboratorium Kimia Organik – Jurusan Kimia

Fakultas Matematikan dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Universitas Padjadjaran
2009
Molecular Compounds (Covalent
Bond)
The shape of molecules is essential to to its
properties , especially to its interaction wth living
system .
Ionic compounds are hight - melting crystalline solids
composed of positively and negatively charged ions .
What kind of chemical compounds can be gasses ,
liquids , or low - melting solids at room temperature?

Searching for the smallest particles of most such

materials leads not to atoms or ions but to molecules
→ A group of atomsconnected to each other by the
secon major type of chemical bond, the covalent bond.
Molecular Compounds (Covalent
Bond)
1 . What is covalent bond?
Be able to define the covalent bond and
describe its information.
2. How does the octet rule apply to covalent bond
formation?
Be able to predict the numbers of covalent bond
usually formed by the more common main - group
elements.
3. How are molecul ar compounds represented by
formulas?
Be able to interpret molecular formulas ,
structural formulas , and Lewis structures.
4 . How are elecrons arranged in covalent bonds?
Be able to recognize the occurrence of single ,
double , and triple covalent bonds .
5 . How are electron pairs arranged in molecules , and
what is their influence on molecular shape?
Be able to draw Lewis structures and use them to
predict molecular geometry.
Molecular Compounds (Covalent
Bond)
6. When are bonds and molecules polar?
Be able to use electronegativity and molecular
geometry to predict bond and molecular polarity.
7. When are the major differences in properties
between ionic and molecular compounds?
Be able to compare the structures,
compositions, and melting points of ionic and
molecular compounds.
8. Under what circumstances are molecular
compounds converted to ions?
Be able to describe ion formation by hydrogen
loss or addition.

Organic Chemistry , Pharmacy -

20 09 . 01 of 50
 Covalent Bond
Molecules, a group of atoms held together by covalent
bonds in a discrete unit that is capable of
independent existane.

Covalent bond, a bond that results when two atoms

share one more pairs of electron.
Diatomic molecules, molecule that consists of two
atoms bonded together
Covalent Bond
 Covalent Bond

Overlap of p orbitals.

When two singly occupied p orbitals overlap, the

electron density becomes concentrated in the
region between the atoms, joining them together
by a single covalent bond.
 Covalent Bond
Change in potential energy as two
approaching atoms form a covalent
bond.

The stable bond is formed at the point where the

energy is at minimum. The bond length is the distance
between nuclei in a stable bond, and the bond energy
is the amount of energy that must be supplied to break
 Covalent Bonding, T he Octet Rule, and T he
Periodic Table

Covalent bonds can form between unlike atoms as welll

as between like atoms, and molecular compounds are
composed of atoms of two or more elements (a chemical
compound composed of molecules).

H2 H2O NH 3 CH 4
Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds
to 1 hydrogen to 2 hydrogen to 3 hydrogen to 4 hydrogen
atom atom atom atom

Biomolecule, a molecules of a compound that occurs

naturally and plays a role in the chemistry of living
things
 Covalent Bonding, T he Octet Rule, and T he
Periodic Table
Biomolecule, a molecules of a compound that occurs
naturally and plays a role in the chemistry of living
things
 Multiple Covalent Bonds
The bonding in some molecules cannot be explained by
the sharing of one electron pair in single covalent
bonds like the Cl — Cl bond in Cl 2 and O — H bonds in H 2 O.

For example, the carbon and oxygen atoms in carbon

dioxide, CO 2 , and the nitrogen atoms in the N 2 molecule
could not have electron octets if only single bonds
were present:
 Multiple Covalent Bonds

§Single covalent bond, a covalent bond that results from

sharing of two electrons between atoms.
§Double covalent bond, a covalent bond that results from
sharing of two electron pairs between atoms.
§Single covalent bond, a covalent bond that results from
sharing of three electron pairs between atoms.
 Str uctur al For mulas
§Molecular Formula, a formula that shows by subscripts
the numbers and kinds of atoms in one molecules.

§Structural Formula, a formula that shows how atoms

are connected to each other.

§Lone pair, a pair of outer-shell electrons not used

by an atom for forming bonds
 Str uctur al For mulas

§In ionic compounds,

the smallest
particles are
ions.
§In molecular
compounds, the
smallest
particles are
molecules.
Distinction between ionic and
 Coor dinate Covalent Bonds
In the covalent bonds, each electron in the shared
pairs is from adifferent atom

In the coordinate covalent bonds, both electrons are

donated from same atom to form the bonds.
 Coor dinate Covalent Bonds

Reactant molecules held in place by coordination to

Zn 2+ ion in an enzym
 Dr awing Lewis Str uctur es
Stepwise Method for Drawing Lewis Structures. The
stepwise method for drawing Lewis structures is
ilustrated by finding the structure of PCl 3 , in which the
chlorine atoms surround the phosphorus atom.
1.Name the total number of valence electronsin the
combined atoms. For polytomic ions, add one electron
for each negative charge or substract one electron
for each positive charge.
Phosporus (Group 5A) has 5 valence electrons and
chlorine (Group 7A) has 7 valence electrons, giving a
5 e- +in (3
total of 26 electrons PClx3 .7 e-)
P 3= X26 e-PCl 3
Cl
2. Place electron pair in each covalent bond
Write the symbols in the predetermined arrangment
and connect them withelectron-pair bonds.
Cl
Cl — P— Cl
 Dr awing Lewis Str uctur es
3. Place lone pairs so that, except for hydrogen,
each non-metal atom connected to the central atom has
an octet ..
Cl

.
.
.
.. ..
..— P— Cl
Cl

.
.
.
.
..
4. Place any remaining electrons on the central atom.
Thus far, have used 24 of the 26 available
electrons-6 electrons in three single bonds and 18
electrons in the three lone pairs on each chlorine
..
atom. This leaves two electrons for one lone pair on
Cl
.
.
.
phosphorus.
.. ..
Cl P— Cl
..— ..
.
.
.
.

..
4. Check to see that each atom has an electron octet
or other correct number of valence electrons and that
all avalable electrons have been used. If not, use
one or more lone pairs to form multiple bonds to
atoms that can have them.
In the structure above, each atom has an octet and
 Dr awing Lewis Str uctur es
Structural Formula Based on Common Bonding Pattern of H,
C, O, N, and X (Halogen) Atoms.
In many molecules, especially the organic molecules of
greatest interest in later chapters, hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, and halogen atoms can be expected to
have the following common bonding patters:
§C atoms are often bonded to each other.
§ C atoms form four covalent bonds (and has no lone
pairs in neutral molecules).
§N forms three covalent bonds and has one lone pair.
§O forms two covalent bonds and has two lone pairs.
§H forms one covalent bonds.
§Halogen atom (X = F, Cl, Br, I) forms one covalent bond
and have three lone pairs.
Condensed structure, a structure in
whih central atoms and the atoms bonded
to them are written as groups
 T he Shapes of Molecules
Molecular shapes can be predicted by analyzing a Lewis
structure in the following way:

§The atom for which the bonding geometry is of interest.

In a simpe molecule like PCl 3 or CO 2 this usually the
central atom .

§Count the number of electron-charge clouds sourronding

the atom of interest in the Lewis structure. The number
of charge clouds is simply the total number of bonds
and lone pairs. Multiple bonds count the same as single
bonds, because we’re interested only in the number of
charge clouds, not in how many electrons there are in
each cloud.
§
§Determine the molecular shape according to the number of
electron-charge clouds, taking into account the effect
of lone pairs on molecular shape. The possible
molecular shapes are summarized in Table. 6.2. For
T he Shapes of Molecules
 T he Shapes of Molecules

§Electron-pair charge clouds

surrounding a bonded atom.
§The drawings show the arrangments
of two, three, and four charge
clouds at maximum distance from
each other.
§The charge clouds may be from
single, double, or triple bonds, or
lone pairs.
 T he Shapes of Molecules

§Bond angle, the angle formed

between any two adjacent
covalent bonds.
§Tetrahedron, a geometrical
 T he Shapes of Molecules
Tetrahedral molecular geometry.

§The central atom is located at the center of the

tetrahedron, and the four outer-shell electron pairs are
oriented toward the corners.
§The bond angle between any two pairs is, ideally, 109.5  .

§The molecular geometry of water, ammonia, methane, and many

other molecules is based on the tetrahedron
 T he Shapes of Molecules

§Bond angle, the angle formed between any two adjacent

covalent bonds.
§Tetrahedron, a geometrical figure with four identical
triangular faces
Electr one gativity and Bond Type
Electr one gativity and Bond Type
Electronegativity, the ability of an atom in a molecule to
attract electron; a numerical value on the electronegativity
scale

Polar covalent bond, a covalent bond inwhich one atom

attracts bonding electrons more strongly than other atom.
 Polar Molecules
Polar covalent bond, a covalent bond inwhich one atom
attracts bonding electrons more strongly than other atom.
 Naming Binar y Molecular
Compounds
1.Name the first element in the formula
with the element name, plus a prefix
if needed.
2.Name the second element in the
formula with element name modified
with-ide (as for ionc compound), plus
a prefix if needed.
 Pr oper ties of Molecular
Compounds

Interaction forces, forces of attraction and repulsion

between partial charges in different molecules
Ions Fr om Molecular Compounds
(An Introduction to Acids and Bases)

Acid, a subsance that is able to donatea

hydrogen ion, H +
Ions Fr om Molecular Compounds
(An Introduction to Acids and Bases)

Acid, a subsance that is able to donatea

hydrogen ion, H +
Ions Fr om Molecular Compounds
(An Introduction to Acids and Bases)

Acid, a subsance that is able to donatea

hydrogen ion, H +