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Presented by:
(35)Sonal Darra
(157)Sakshi Mishra
(111)Rishabh Mehra
(171)Astha Bansal
(17)Shoubhik DasGupta
(167)Tarun Goel
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has often been

portrayed as the pinnacle of the multilateral system of

global economic governance.

YET, the actual decision-making is done by a process

called ͞consensus,͟ in which the big trading powers

impose a consensus arrived at among

themselves on the rest of the body.


a a
m an the WTO, formal parliamentary sessions where decisions are
made in democratic institutions, are reserved for speechmaking.
m Real decisions are made in backrooms by informal caucuses whose
members are not determined by formal rules and votes but by
informal agreement among significant players.
m This non-transparent, non-accountable system of decision-making is
one of the elements that has contributed to the crisis of legitimacy
of the WTO.
a a 
m The WTO now wields executive power over 23 separate
agreements, from trade related investment measures (TRaMS), to
intellectual property rights, agriculture, and industrial goods.
m The Fourth Ministerial Conference at Doha in November 2001 put
more agreements on the table.
m Member states are required to change their national laws to ensure
compliance with WTO agreements.
m Non-compliance can result in a country being hauled before the
Dispute Settlement Body, the WTO͛s own court of law.


 
m Within the World Trade Organization there are many developing countries with

different levels of economic activity, and one of the most powerful weapons

used by the developed countries: to divide and conquer.

m The usual practice is to make promises to a developing country so that it will

defend the interests of a developed country, with the result that the developing

countries are pitted against each other.

m Apart from that, developed countries use pressure tactics, for example, political

pressures, threatening to withdraw some type of tariff preferences and trying to

discredit the people in charge of small country delegations in Geneva.



a  
a a a

   
The first Ministerial Conference of the World Trade

Organization,1996.

The decision was taken to set up three new working groups to

consider the following topics:

m trade and investment

m trade and competition policy

m transparency in government procurement



a  
a a a

   
m uowever, a group of delegations met in secret, and drafted the
ministerial declaration

m The WTO negotiations proceeded not by consensus of all members,


but by a process of informal negotiations between small groups of
countries.

m Such negotiations are called GREEN ROOM NEGOTaATaONS.

m The rest of the delegations did not even know where they met.

 
a a a

   
m The Second WTO Ministerial Conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland
between 18 and 20 May 1998.
m A week before the meeting, delegates admitted failure to agree on the
agenda and the presence of deep disagreements with developing
countries.

m Developing country representatives became resentful and uncooperative


on being excluded from talks as the United States and the European Union
attempted to cement a mutual deal on agriculture.
   a

 
m At the last moment the United States presented a proposal for a
declaration on Electronic Commerce, launching a work programme.

m E-Commerce was a potential source of money and job for US

m The majority of the developing countries opposed the proposal.

m Their arms were being twisted until only Mexico and Pakistan were
left opposing.

m Eventually these two also had to give way.



 a



a 
  
m The first thing that the developed countries did was to break the
gentleman͛s agreement arrived at when the WTO was being
created.

m There was an understanding that after Renato Ruggiero [the first


Director General of the WTO], the new Director General would
come from a developing country.

m From the beginning Supachai Panitchpakdi [from Thailand] was the


favorite of the majority.

 a 
m The selection process was narrowed down to Mike Moore and
Supachai.
m The pressure put on developing and least developed countries,
mainly by the United States, was indescribable.
m The Chair of the General Council finally ended up presenting Mike
Moore as the winner.
m Mike Moore͛s candidacy never had the support of majority of the
members, but it did have the support of the most powerful.
a
 a
a
 

   
m The Developing countries put forward dozens of proposals to resolve the
'problems of implementation' of the WTO agreements, including changing
some of the rules. But most of their demands were dismissed by the major
powers.
m Many of the African delegations were the targets of manipulation by the
powerful countries at the Seattle Conference.
m The delegations had joined one or another of the five working groups
which were composed as the official engine rooms of the negotiations.

m at was then that the African and other developing-country delegates ran
into a wall of well-prepared manipulation.

 
 a 
 
a
 a 

m When a number of small economies refused to be manipulated, marginalised and left

out of the decision-making processes and acquiesce in decisions cooked up in

'secretive' so-called 'green room' processes;

m When some of the other major developing countries 'refused' to pay a price to enable

the Cairns Group of agricultural exporters and the US to gain concessions from the EC

on the agricultural front; and

m When developing nations refused to be cowed - by some of the street protests and by

the US administration - and said 'no' to labour and environmental standards being

linked to trade rights and obligations and open to 'sanctions'.


 

 
m Anti-Globalization activists made headlines around the
world in 1999, when they forced the Seattle Ministerial
Conference to end early with direct action tactics.

m Protesters came from all over the world.

m This led to the issuing of curfews, arresting, tear-gassing,


pepper spraying and even shooting rubber bullets at
innocent, non-violent protestors.

m The conference finally ended in a failure.




    

  

AGENDAS:

m amproving market access to Northern markets for developing

countries

m Phasing out domestic and export subsidies, that enable the

dumping of goods at prices that are cheaper than those of locally

produced goods

m That the multilateral trading system should benefit the developing

countries that constitute over three quarters of WTO members.


m There were many problems for developing countries in the
development of the Draft Declaration for Doha.
m The Draft ignored suggestions from developing countries.
m Pressures were increased on stand-out countries. Eg: Tanzania

Ë  

    
  

 
 
  
 
  
(South Asian delegate)
 
 a 

 

m The Cancun ministerial conference collapsed on September


14, 2003.

m The uong Kong Ministerial Conference, 2005.

m The Geneva Ministerial Conference, 2009.


PART aa

What is andia's gain or loss being


part of G-20͙



The Group of Twenty (G-20) Finance Ministers and Central Bank

Governors was established in 1999 to bring together systemically


important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key
issues in the global economy. The inaugural meeting of the G-20
took place in Berlin, on December 15-16, 1999, hosted by German
and Canadian finance ministers.
m The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Finance Minister Paul
Martin for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to
the international financial system.

m at studies, reviews, and promotes discussion of policy issues


pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and
seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any
one organization.

m With the G-20 growing in stature since the 2008 Washington


summit, its leaders announced on September 25, 2009, that the
group will replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy
nations.
  a
The G-20 is made up of the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19
countries. The European Union, which is represented by the rotating Council
presidency and the European Central Bank, is the 20th member of the G-20.

   
AUSTRALaA MEXaCO
BRAZaL RUSSaA
CANADA SAUDa ARABaA
CuaNA SOUTu AFRaCA
FRANCE REPUBLaC OF KOREA
GERMANY TURKEY
aNDaA UNaTED KaNGDOM
aNDONESaA UNaTED STATES OF AMERaCA
aTALY EUROPEAN UNaON
 

 a
m 1999-2001 Canada
m  
m 2003 Mexico
m 2004 Germany
m 2005 China
m 2006 Australia
m 2007 South Africa
m 2008 Brazil
m 2009 United Kingdom
m 2010 Republic of Korea


 a 
m Despite the equal status accorded to each member, the
unspoken assumption was that the G20's richer members
would solve the economic problems falling into the group's
lap and the remaining ͚emerging͛ members would cause
them.

m The financial crisis, originating in the United States,


changed that presumption.
a a 
aa
m At the G20 summits in Washington and London, andia was
welcomed as a partner, not a petitioner.

m Well served by its delegates, andia also derived some ͚soft


power͛ from the force of its example.

m ats cautious central bankers, criticised by many liberal


economists before the crisis, seemed wise in hindsight.

m The „ 
anointed Dr Reddy ͚exactly the right
man in the right job at the right time͛.
a a 
aa 
m The Reserve Bank's governor joins andia's financial
regulator and its finance minister on the new Financial
Stability Board (FSB), an international body that has
replaced the more exclusive Forum that preceded it.

m andia's full complement of three seats gives it parity with


the biggest economies such as the United States.
a a 
 aa
m an London, andia's delegation favoured a ͚concerted͛ effort
to fight the global recession with monetary and fiscal
stimulus.

m at was in favour of trebling the aMF's resources and making


a fresh allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDR).

m andia also supported an increase in aMF ͚quotas͛, the


amounts members contribute to the Fund, which also
determine their share of votes on its board.
a a 
 a
m andia benefited directly from the promise to increase lending

from multilateral development banks, such as the World Bank

and the Asian Development Bank, by $100 billion.

m at is both banks' biggest customer, borrowing $2.9 billion last

year from the ADB and $2.2 billion from its Washington sibling.

m The London communiqué reflected most of andia's concerns.

Back home, however, andia's policy-makers and opinion-makers

showed little enthusiasm,or even interest, in the G20.


a

aa
On June 1st, the NCAER and the Centre for Economic Policy
Research, based in London, organised a day-long
conference in Delhi to discuss ͚andia in the G20͛.

Minutes of the conf:

m andia's attitude toward the G20 was considered analogous


to its attitude to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) 15 years ago.
a

aa 
m andia was a founding member of the GATT. But it was not an
active protagonist in the first eight trade rounds.

m The crisis showed that andia could not insulate itself from
financial instability in the West, as it had insulated itself
from the Asian financial crisis ten years before.

m andia's capital account is by no means open.


a a 
 
m Although andia is the fourth biggest economy in the G20, measured
at purchasing-power parity, it is only the 11th biggest, measured at
market exchange rates.

m at is poised to overtake Russia in tenth place this year, according to


the aMF.

m at accounts for just 2% of world GDP and a smaller share of world


trade.

m at is also by far the poorest member of the group, with an income


per head of about $1000 in 2008, compared with a G20 average of
over $23,000.
Ë
 
 
   
   
!

  
 "       
!
#    $   

 

!    


-Vijay Kelkar, Chairman of andia's 13th Finance


Commission and a former executive director of the aMF.
  
m andia can claim some credit for the promise to review aMF
quotas by January 2011, ahead of the traditional schedule,
and for the call for new proposals for World Bank reform by
April 2010.

m andia also pushed hard for the extra funds pledged to the
multilateral development banks (MDBs).

m ats economy was not central to the crisis or to its resolution.


m Unlike China, it did not contribute to the savings glut.

m Like China, andia escaped the worst effects of the


financial meltdown: it was one of only three G20
economies (the others being China and andonesia) that
have kept growing throughout the mayhem.
  

 


a   a

m The bulk of andia's politicians, press and activists have traditionally

taken a jaundiced view of the country's foreign economic

entanglements.

m This wariness about international economic relations no doubt owes

something to andia's colonial past.

m an 1966, post devaluation andia expected to receive generous aid from

America and other donors but it showed only a lukewarm commitment

to the wider reforms its donors deemed necessary and the aid was

slow to arrive.
  a
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