CHAPTER 1 – RATE OF REACTION

(TEXTBOOK CHAPTER 7)

FORM 5 SPM CHEMISTRY

 SUB CHAPTERS

• 7.1 DETERMINING RATE OF REACTION

• 7.2 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF REACTIONS
• 7.3 APPLICATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION IN DAILY
LIFE
• 7.4 COLLISION THEORY
CHEMICAL REACTION IN OUR SURROUNDING
FAST AND SLOW
EXAMPLE OF FAST REACTION: SODIUM CARBONATE +
HYDROCHLORIC ACID REACTION
 EXAMPLE OF SLIGHTLY SLOW REACTION –
REACTION BETWEEN SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
AND SULPHURIC ACID
REACTION BETWEEN HCL AND ZN – FAST/SLOW?
WHAT ABOUT THE GROWTH OF SUNFLOWER?
FROM ALL THE REACTIONS MENTIONED, THE
FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS CAN BE MADE

1. EFFERVESCENCE OCCUR/GAS BUBBLES RELEASED.

2. MASS OF ZINC DECREASES.
3. FORMATION OF YELLOW PRECIPITATE.
4. SUNFLOWER BECOMES HIGHER
 RECALL THE FORMULA FOR
SPEED/VELOCITY…
• SPEED = DISTANCE, D/TIME, T

• VELOCITY = DISPLACEMENT, S/TIME, T

• SO, TO MEASURE RATE OF REACTION, WE NEED TO

MEASURE TIME + (________)
• (_______) CAN BE: HEIGHT OF SUNFLOWER/MASS OF
ZN/CONCENTRATION OF ACID AND ETC…
• COLLECTIVELY, THEY CAN BE CALLED CHANGE IN
QUANTITY OF REACTANT/PRODUCT.
• THEY ARE MEASURABLE.
MEASURABLE AND VISIBLE QUANTITIES…
• 1. VOLUME OF GAS
• 2. FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE
• 3. MASS CHANGE
• 4. COLOUR CHANGE
• 5. TEMPERATURE CHANGE
• 6. PRESSURE CHANGE
• 7. CONCENTRATION CHANGE
• 8. PH CHANGE
 DURING A REACTION, QUANTITY OF
REACTANT DECREASES WHILE QUANTITY OF
PRODUCTS INCREASES.
REACTION BETWEEN HCL AND ZN – FAST/SLOW?
Example:
Mass of Zn will decrease (g)
Concentration of HCl will decrese
(mol/dm3)
Volume of H2 gas increase (cm3)

By measuring the change of the

SELECTED quantity over time, rate
of reaction can be determined.
 OTHER EXAMPLES OF
CHANGES THAT CAN BE
OBSERVED OR
MEASURED.
EXAMPLE 1 – FORMATION
OF PRECIPITATE

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

EXAMPLE 2:
DECREASE IN
MASS OF
REACTANT.
EXAMPLE 3:
VOLUME OF
GAS
OTHERS SUCH AS PRESSURE, PH AND
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY.
 METHODS OF MEASURING REACTION RATE

• 2 WAYS
• I) AVERAGE REACTION
RATE (OVER PERIOD)
• II) INSTANTANEOUS
REACTION RATE (AT
THAT PARTICULAR
TIME)
 NOTES!!!

• AVERAGE REACTION RATE IS NOT

EQUAL TO INSTANTANEOUS REACTION
RATE.
REFER TO EXPERIMENT 1, PAGE 227
Time (min) Volume of gas (cm3)

0 0
1 25
2 40
3 51
4 58
5 63
6 68
7 70
8 70
9 70
10 70
EMPTY GRAPH FOR WHITEBOARD

Question is asking for PLOT – so

must use x to PLOT.
 PLOT A GRAPH BASED ON THE DATA AVAILABLE.

• NOTE THAT WHEN DRAWING THE GRAPH, YOU SHOULD:

• 1. NOT EVERY SINGLE POINTS NEED TO BE PASSED THROUGH.
(FOLLOW STEPS FOR LINEAR LAW - TRY TO PASS AS MUCH POINTS AS
POSSIBLE)
• 2. FREE & SMOOTH CURVE (TRY NOT TO RAISE YOUR HAND ONCE
YOU ALREADY START TO DRAW)
• 3. AREA OF GRAPH MUST BE AT LEAST 50% OF THE TOTAL GRAPH
AREA
• 4. LABELLING MUST BE DONE TO THE X & Y AXES + TITLE.
(REMEMBER THE UNITS - NO UNITS, NO MARKS)
 PAGE 227, EXAMPLE 1: CALCULATE THE
FOLLOWING AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION.
B
(I) FOR THE FIFTH MINUTE:
(II) FOR THE OVERALL REACTION:
C
BASED ON THE PLOTTED GRAPH, CALCULATE THE RATE
OF REACTION AT THE SECOND MINUTE.
 PAGE 227, EXAMPLE 1: CALCULATE THE
FOLLOWING AVERAGE RATE OF REACTION.
B
(I) FOR THE FIFTH MINUTE: (63 – 58)/(5-4) = 5 CM3/MIN
(II) FOR THE OVERALL REACTION: (70-0)/(7-0) = 10 CM3/MIN
C
BASED ON THE PLOTTED GRAPH, CALCULATE THE RATE OF
REACTION AT THE SECOND MINUTE = 15.11 CM3/MIN
(COMPARE AGAINST THE GIVEN ANSWER OF 11.58 CM3/MIN –
DEPENDS ON YOUR GRAPH DRAWING.
 SKETCHING GRAPH PRACTICE
• ZN + 2HCL --> ZNCL2 + H2
• RAM: ZN = 65, H =1, CL=35.5

6.5 G OF ZN IS REACTED WITH 50 CM3, 1.0 MOL DM-3 OF HCL.

I) DETERMINE THE EXCESS/LIMITING REACTANT.
II) SKETCH THE GRAPHS OF
- MASS OF ZN AGAINST TIME
- VOLUME OF HCL AGAINST TIME
- VOLUME OF ZNCL2 AGAINST TIME
-VOLUME OF H2 AGAINST TIME.
III) CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF H2 RELEASED AT ROOM CONDITION.
IV) WRITE AN IONIC EQUATION FOR THIS REACTION.
[RAM OF ZN=65, H=1, CL=35.5; 1 MOL OF GAS OCCUPIES 24 DM3 AT ROOM
CONDITION]
 ANSWER:
• 1. EXCESS: ZN LIMITING: HCL
• 2. GRAPH SKETCH: REFER WHITEBOARD
• 3. MAX VOL OF H2: 0.6 DM3
• 4. IONIC EQUATION: ZN + 2H+ --> ZN2+ + H2

• P/S: DO YOU STILL REMEMBER HOW TO WRITE IONIC

EQUATION?
7.2 FACTORS
AFFECTING
RATE OF
REACTION
FACTOR 1: TOTAL EXPOSED
SURFACE AREA / SIZE OF
REACTANTS.
SMALLER SIZE HAS GREATER EXPOSED SURFACE AREA.
THIS FACTOR AFFECTS SOLID REACTANT.
OFF-TOPIC: WHY THE COFFEE POWDER CAN BE
BURNT? DOES IT CONTAIN HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
MATERIAL?
 WHICH HAS A GREATER TOTAL SURFACE
AREA?
I. GRANULATED ZINC II. POWDERED ZINC
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF MARBLE CHIP
(CALCIUM CARBONATE) WITH
HYDROCHLORIC ACID REACTION
OOOps! Be careful of the
drawing. Is it correct?
REACTION BETWEEN CALCIUM CARBONATE
AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID (PAGE 231)
SO, HOW DO WE EXPLAIN THAT USING SMALLER
POWDER ZINC RESULTS IN HIGHER REACTION
RATE COMPARED TO GRANULATED ZINC?

Size of fixed Total exposed Reaction rate

mass solid surface area becomes
zinc becomes becomes higher for zinc
smaller larger powder
 **HOWEVER, WHY DOES THE “END
POINT” I.E. THE MAXIMUM VOLUME
OF GAS RELEASED SAME IN BOTH
EXPERIMENTS?
Is it possible to obtain the
maximum volume of carbon
dioxide released in actual
experiment? (NO)
Why?
(Some of the CO2 is dissolved
in water during gas collection)
So how?
(I don’t know??)
Solubility of gas is
g/100 g of water at 25
C, 1 atm
COLLISION THEORY – F1: TOTAL EXPOSED SURFACE AREA

• Size of fixed mass of solid reactant decreases

• Total exposed surface area increases
1
• Frequency of collision among reacting particles
increases
• Frequency of EFFECTIVE collision among reacting
2 particles increases

• Number of effective collision among reacting particles

increases
3 • Hence, the rate of reaction increases.
 EXAMPLE OF REAL SPM QUESTIONS AS PRACTICE:
(SPM 2005, PAPER 2, QUESTION 7)

• 7 B (II) COMPARE THE

REACTION RATE BETWEEN
EXP II (POWDER) AND EXP III
(CHIPS)

• *P/S: IONIC EQUATION CAN BE

USED TO WRITE THE
DESCRIPTION
 KEYWORDS YOU SHOULD HAVE…
• 1. REACTION RATE OF EXP III > EXP II.
• 2. EXP III HAS HIGHER TOTAL SURFACE AREA > EXP II.
• 3. CAUSES THE FREQ. COLLISION BETWEEN CALCIUM
CARBONATE AND HYDROGEN IONS INCREASE.
• 4. CAUSES THE FREQ. EFFECTIVE COLLISION BETWEEN
CALCIUM CARBONATE AND HYDROGEN IONS
INCREASE.
• 5. CAUSES THE NUMBER OF EFFECTIVE COLLISION
INCREASE.
Let’s discuss why it is WRONG to use the word increase here. What
is the suitable WORD to replace it – GREATER/HIGHER.
EXAMPLE IN DAILY LIFE – TRY TO HELP THE SATAY
SELLER TO INCREASE HIS SATAY MAKING DAILY.
CURRENTLY HE MAKES 100 SATAY A DAY AND EACH
COSTS RM 1.50 SO HE CAN EARN RM 150 DAILY.
 RECALL THE SATAY SELLER. WE TRIED TO
INCREASE HIS RATE OF MAKING SATAY BY…
- Cutting satay into smaller
pieces (increase total exposed
surface area)

-Cutting the carbon into smaller

pieces (increase total exposed
surface area)

- Putting a rotating fan nearby

the burning (increase the
concentration of oxygen/air)
FACTOR 2: CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON RATE
OF REACTION.
CONCENTRATION EFFECT ON RATE OF
REACTION BETWEEN NA2S2O3 + H2SO4
EXPLANATION USING COLLISION THEORY. (CONCENTRATION)

• Concentration increases
• Number of reacting particles per unit volume increases
1
• Freq. of collision between reacting particles increases
• Freq. of EFFECTIVE collision between reacting particles
2 increases

• Number of EFFECTIVE collision increases

• Rate of reaction increases
3
 PRACTICES: SPM 2010, PAPER 2, QUESTION 8 C (I)

Experiment Reactants Condition of

reaction
I Excess Zn + 50 cm3 0.5 mol/dm3 Room temperature
HCl
II Excess Zn + 50 cm3 1.0 mol/dm3 Room temperature
HCl

III Excess Zn + 50 cm3 0.5 mol/dm3 60 C

HCl
 CHECK YOUR ANSWER.
• 1. REACTION RATE OF EXP II > EXP I
• 2. DUE TO H2SO4 BEING DIPROTIC, HCL MONOPROTIC
• - IONISES IN WATER TO GIVE 2H+ & 1 H+ RESPECTIVELY
• 3. CAUSES THE NO OF [H+] PER UNIT VOLUME TO BE HIGHER IN EXP II
THAN EXP I.
• 4. CAUSES THE FREQ. OF COLLISION BETWEEN H+ AND (S2O3)2- IONS
TO BE HIGHER IN EXP II THAN I.
• 5. (REPEAT 4 FOR FREQ. OF EFF. COLLISION + NO OF EFF. COLLISION)
• 6. HENCE, THE RATE OF REACTION IS HIGHER IN EXP II THAN EXP I
(RATHER THAN REACTION RATE INCREASES)
 FACTOR 3:
TEMPERATU
RE EFFECT
ON RATE OF
REACTION
 THERE ARE 2 WAYS OF EXPLAINING
TEMPERATURE INCREASE USING COLLISION
THEORY.

• 1ST: NORMAL INCREASE IN FREQUENCY OF

COLLISION
• 2ND: INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PARTICLES
POSSESSING HIGHER ENERGY THAT IS ENOUGH TO
OVERCOME ACTIVATION ENERGY.
 When the temperature
increases,
Increase in NUMBER of colliding
particles possessing higher energy that is
Increase in frequency of collision
enough to overcome the activation
energy.

Increase in frequency Increase in frequency

of effective collision of effective collision
Increase in the Increase in the
number of effective number of effective
collision collision
Higher reaction rate.
EXPLAINING MORE REACTING PARTICLES HAVING
HIGHER KINETIC ENERGY THAT IS ENOUGH TO
OVERCOME THE ACTIVATION ENERGY.
 FACTOR 4 – PRESSURE
AFFECTING RATE OF
REACTION
THIS ONLY AFFECTS GASEOUS REACTANTS/PRODUCTS.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER IN A CAR ENGINE.
GUESS WHEN WILL THE SPARK BE IGNITED TO
COMPLETE THE COMBUSTION? (ANSWER IS
PICTURE 1 OR PICTURE 2)

1 2
 WHY?

WHEN PRESSURE
INCREASES(REDUCTION IN
VOLUME), REACTION RATE
INCREASES DUE TO THE
INCREASE IN FREQUENCY
OF COLLISION BETWEEN
REACTING PARTICLES PER
UNIT VOLUME.
*HERE, THE REACTING
PARTICLES ARE OXYGEN
GAS IN AIR.
FACTOR 5 – CATALYST
EFFECT ON RATE OF
REACTION
FIRSTLY, HOW DOES CATALYST LOOK LIKE?
WHAT DOES CATALYST LOOKS LIKE?
 COMMON CATALYST IN DAILY LIFE –
CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN A CAR EXHAUST.
“SEE-THROUGH CATALYTIC CONVERTER”
 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF CATALYSTS

1.REMAINS CHEMICALLY UNCHANGED AT THE END OF REACTION.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN? IT DOES NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE REACTION.
NOTE THE WORD “CHEMICALLY”. WHAT ABOUT PHYSICALLY?
 2. ALTERS/CHANGE THE RATE OF REACTION
(NOT NECESSARILY SPEEDS UP, YO!)

• BECAUSE IT CAN BE SPLIT INTO 2 TYPES OF CATALYSTS

• - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CATALYSTS.
 3. DOES NOT CHANGE THE QUANTITY OF
PRODUCTS

• SO, HOW DO WE DRAW THE CURVE OF PRODUCT-TIME GRAPH?

 4. SPECIFIC. YES. 1 CATALYST CAN ONLY
CATALYSE 1 REACTION. NOT OTHERS.

KIND OF LIKE MEDICINE’S ACTION. YOU TAKE FLU DRUGS

FOR FLU.

FOR EXAMPLE IN INDUSTRY: CUSO4 CAN CATALYSE ONLY

ZN + H2SO4 REACTION TO PRODUCE H2, AND NO OTHERS.
 5. ONLY SMALL AMOUNT OF CATALYST
NEEDED TO CATALYSE A REACTION.

FOR EXAMPLE IN ZN + H2SO4 , WE ONLY NEED FEW ML OF CUSO4 TO

INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION (COMPARED TO 100 ++ ML OF
REACTANTS)

SO, IF YOU DUMP 100 ML OF CATALYST, WILL IT BE USEFUL?

 6. VERY SLIGHT INCREASE IN RATE OF
REACTION – SO NOT NECESSARILY USE A LOT.
(SAME WITH NO 5)
 7. FINELY DIVIDED (POWDERED FORM) OF
CATALYST IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN LUMP
CATALYST
 8. CATALYST CAN EXIST IN MANY STATE OF
MATTER – SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, AQUEOUS…

• AS MENTIONED IN NO 1, IT WILL STAY CHEMICALLY

UNCHANGED, BUT ITS PHYSICAL STATE MAY NOT BE SO.
USED CATALYST. OBSERVE ITS APPEARANCE.
 NORMALLY, MOST CATALYSTS USED IN
INDUSTRY ARE OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS.

• EG : PT, V2O5, CUSO4, NI,FE

• KBAT QUESTION : WHY IT IS TRANSITIONAL ELEMENTS ARE MORE

FREQUENTLY ABLE TO BE USED AS CATALYSTS IN CATALYSING A
REACTION? WHY NOT OTHERS?
 ANSWERS:

• BECAUSE OF THEIR MAIN ABILITIES TO EXCHANGE OXIDATION

STATE (I.E. HAVING MORE THAN 1 OXIDATION NUMBER).
• BY EXTENSION, THEY ARE MORE EASIER TO LEND ELECTRONS OR
WITHDRAW ELECTRONS, HENCE EASIER TO FORM COMPLEX WITH
REACTANTS I.E. REDUCE ACTIVATION ENERGY
• IN THE CASE OF METAL, ADSORB THEM ON THE SURFACE AND
ACTIVATE THEM IN THE PROCESS
 SO, NOW HOW DOES THE
CATALYST WORKS? Energy Profile Diagram

• POSITIVE CATALYST.
WORKS BY LOWERING THE
ACTIVATION ENERGY.
• *ACTIVATION ENERGY IS
THE MINIMUM ENERGY
REQUIRED TO OVERCOME
IN ORDER FOR REACTION
TO OCCUR
•
 COLLISION AND EFFECTIVE COLLISION

• IN COLLISION THEORY, PARTICLES MUST

COLLIDE FOR A REACTION TO OCCUR.
HOWEVER, NOT ALL COLLISIONS ARE
EFFECTIVE.
• SOME ARE NOT EFFECTIVE BECAUSE OF
WRONG ORIENTATION OF PARTICLES AND
SOME ARE BECAUSE OF NOT ENOUGH
KINETIC ENERGY.
 EXOTHERMIC REACTION
EXAMPLE: A + B  C (TEMP. INCREASES)

Exo (Out)
Exothermic reaction is reaction that releases
heat to surrounding, causing the temperature to
increase.
 ON THE LEFT (REACTION WITHOUT
CATALYST)
ON THE RIGHT (REACTION WITH CATALYST)
 ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
EXAMPLE: A + B  C (TEMP. DECREASES)

Endo (IN)
Endothermic reaction is a reaction that absorbs
heat from the surrounding, causing the
temperature of the surrounding to decrease.
SO, IF POSITIVE CATALYST WORKS BY LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY, WHAT
ABOUT NEGATIVE CATALYST?

Aiya, easy lah. INCREASE THE activation

energy lor.
Right?

NOT QUITE. IN FACT, negative catalyst is

called inhibitor for the reason quite similar to
the mechanism of Enzyme-Substrate inhibitor.
We call it CATALYST POISONING
EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE CATALYST WORKING PRINCIPLE BLOCKING
OF ACTIVE SITES – LOWERING THE FREQUENCY OF EFFECTIVE
COLLISIONS.
PRACTICE - USING COLLISION THEORY, TRY
TO WRITE AN ESSAY TO COMPARE BETWEEN
REACTION WITH AND WITHOUT CATALYST.
R