Depending upon the mode of fishing

from vessels the bottom trawling is broadly

classified as follows:

Side Trawling:
In which the net is set or paid in
the water and hauled from one side, generally the
star board side of the vessels.
Stern Trawling:
In which the operation of setting
and hauling of the gear is performed from stern side
of the vessels.
The layout and arrangement over the vessels differ in
each side of hauling because, the operation is to be
performed either from side or stern of the vessels.
SIDE TRAWLER

STERN TRAWLER
mrom port hand side winch runs forwards warp
which run forward and take turn near the
forecastle and lead into the massive well
brassed steel structure called as morward
gallows.
Then the warp runs from the side of the vessels
in the region of aft towards wheel house.
mrom the other side (starboard) side winch drum
an after warp run forward and take two turn to
reach after gallows which lies just below wheel
house in the region of the aft.
These running lines or warp on the deck runs
through conveniently placed flatterened well
greased disc is called as Bollard.
 Vessel lay out in Side
Trawling
The fore castle is elevated whole back in
construction , situated abaft (front) of the vessel.
The wheel house which has all the control and
from where all mechanism is to be operated is at
aft (back portion).

The engine room is below working deck, the crew

accommodations in most of the modern vessels is
at aft, unless the deck forward to the engine room
but in the region of fore castle in the older
vessels.

morward to wheel house is winch usually two main

barrels with drum on which towing warps are
bound and two warping leads to equipments
called Gypsy for handling the running of towing
warps.
áspecially at place where these lines or
warps are needed to take turns run
through bollards which assist these
smooth running and passage to towing
warps are held temporarily together in
towing warp evenly when the gear is
paid out in water and also fishing can be
performed in the motion of direction of
the vessels.
 irrangements of the otter
boards towards vessels and gear
side trawling
The towing warps from the vessel in a
short length of chain and connected to the
towing bracelet at the inner phase of otter
board or door by a flat link is inner phase
of otter board or door by a flat link is
called as G- link.
So that it may be easily engaged or
disconnected when needed.
The most conspicuous arrangement of the
otter board is from its outer face with the
ground cable which goes to trawl gear.
The paired back strap on the each door end to
steel structure rings having a hole called
Kelley·s eye.
The end of the ground cable passes through the
hole of Kelley's eye and connected to elongated
steel structure at lower end called as Stopper.
The end of stopper where ground cable
connected is small enough to fit into Kelley's
and then its upper end widened sharply so that
complete stopper jam into Kelley's eye .
Then section of stopper at its forward end is
fastened to a wire called Independent Wire or
Cable; which is of a length to lie loosely around
the door with its other end permanently
secured to towing warps.
The side trawler sets and hauls the trawl
gear over the side and tows from gallows
on the side, the stern trawler carried out
all these operation over the stern.

Several means of handling gear have

been emerged since after the inception
of stern trawling, which gained
considerable importance and popularity
withy the time as the new techniques
were developed.
Vessel lay out of side
trawler

SIDE TRAWLER
4Side Trawler
ilthough the method of
gear handling
may differ, the general lay out
of most vessels among stern
trawler vary with slight
differences.
The lay out of stern trawlers
however varies considerably
from the side trawlers.
uypical lay out of stern trawlers
Small stern trawler are usually single decked
with the transom stern.
(Transom= The termination) of stern by a frame
raised from the water level above the deck level;
of steel, iron or wood.
The working deck is at aft (back side) and the
wheel house with the living accommodation is
abaft (front).
The engine room is usually forward beneath the
wheel house, with sleeping accommodation
forward of it.
tern urawler
 There may be the facility of fish
room to store amount of fish catch
below the working deck.

The voyage time from the stern

trawler is usually more.

The winch is sited abaft on working

deck.

The gear towards from the gallows

which are sited aft on each side of the
stern in a stern trawler.
idvantages of stern trawler when
compare to the side trawler
is the gear is worked over the stern the vessel
is maintained on a straight course, while the
hauling and setting pull being along the
direction of motion of vessels.

The fishing can be performed in more severe

condition than side trawler which provide many
operational difficulties, much of the time
utilized for fishing during the voyage from the
stern trawler.
The working area of the deck is at aft end
of the vessel which is much steadier, less
affected by pitching and rolling movement.

The forward wheel house provide

protection, greater safety and comfort for
the crews.
—

 
Research tern
urawler
Lay out of deep sea stern
trawler

DEEP SEA STERN TRAWLER

Lay out of mreezer
Stern Trawler

mreezer Stern
Trawler
mREEZING mACTORY STERN TRAWLER
 tern urawling
Stern trawling can be divided into
different types depending upon the
vessels lay-out and method of trawling
Net drum trawling: In this type of
vessels lay-out in addition to the winch,
a sort of powered drum is provided at
the stern side, in order to handle the
gear.
Stern ramp trawling: i sort of platform
on the stern, side made up of metal
raised from water to deck level having a
slope to drag like gear conveniently.
STERN RAMP TRAWLER

NET DRUM TRAWLER

 !et Drum Trawling
This is one of the most effective
methods of handling the heavy and large
gear from relatively a small vessels.

Most of the arrangement in vessels lay

out are same as the typical vessels lay
out of stern trawler except some
additional structure.

This method first originated on the west

coast of Canada and U.S.i. to handle the
heavy trawl gear from a small vessels.
!et Drum urawler
!
   


 
 
 

 



 

!et drum trawler

Vessel Lay Out
The winch is just beside the wheel house
mounted abaft from where warps run out
around heavy sheaves at the side of the
vessels and are then taken over the rails
of gallows sited stern, so to the door
(otter boards).
it the stern some two feet above of
transom a powered reel or drum is sited
on winch net is rolled when on board.
(while fishing is not performed) is known
as net drum.
i heavy boom ( a sort of crane) carrying
whip and fall is hung from the mast at the
forward end of the deck and used for
bringing the catch aboard.

The has also the facility of 2,3 rails

needed for providing connection.

Towing blocks are not used in this type of

vessels, as the fishing is performed from
the stern trawling in the direction of the
motion of the vessels.
 ðonnection of otter board to
the vessel and gear in net drum
trawling
Connection between towing warps, doors,
independent cable, ground cable are
different in this type of trawling than the
side trawling
Towing warp are shackled ( attached)
permanently to the chain of the otter
board and not through ´Gµ link.
The independent cable is connected to
the towing warps by ´Gµ link just above
the connection to the doors, no Kelley's
eye, so also no stopper is used
 The end of the ground cable is attached
to the back strap by ´Gµ link.
The out board end of the independent
cable is shackled permanently to the
ground cable.

m
 
The vessels pick up the speed of 3-
5 knot for fast moving fish and 2-2.5
knot for slow moving fish in specified
duration of fishing, which is
predetermined according to quantity of
fish to be fished.
The size of the vessel is around 40- 90
feet.
 tern Ramp urawling
Vessel lay out
The principle feature of this type of trawling is
the presence of Ramp.

i ramp is an elevation raised from water level

to the deck level at the open stern.

The main function of ramp is to be assist in

lifting of the net completely over the board.

This type of fishing is not very common in

India, however many scientific vessel and few
deep sea vessels of private agencies having this
type of facilities available.
STER! Ri
TRiLER
This type of fishing is not very common
in India, however many scientific vessel
and few deep sea vessels of private
agencies having this type of facilities
available.
e.g. ^
 
  

  
^ ^
 
The arrangement of otter board with the
vessels and gear is same as in the net
drum trawling.
The wheel house is centrally abaft near
forecastle.
The main difference in this vessel than
the other type is that fishing type
requires large vessels size with large
deck area in order to accommodate the
complete net as well as huge quantity of
catch.
The function of main winch is to handle
the towing warps.
In addition to the main winch , there is
additional winch at each side situated
just forward of the vessel to handle
independent cable, ground cable and net
to b5ring on deck
The working deck area has a sort of
depression in the form of tray .

Collect the bobbins trays with elevation

called as Coaming.

The tray accommodate the net wing at

each side of the working deck.
The elevation is needed when hauling is
done to struck the net and do not allow.
The net to be dragged forward beyond the
limit of bottom tray.
The ramp trawling offers two types
of fishing techniques :

When the wings of the trawl

taken up each side of working deck

When both wings taken up one

side of working deck
uhe wings of the trawl taken up
each side of working deck
If the vessels is very big , it has some
additional winches like, hydraulic cargo
winch, hydraulic cod end winch, anchor
winch etc.
In order to assist and guide smooth
passage of net and cod end over the
ramp, there is triangular metallic
structure just above the open stern,
while hauling known as cod end derrick
over the stern
There is metallic swinging gantry having
the facility of rail.
Its function is in the same way as boom
to lift the cod end over the clear deck
area.
mew vessels have the facility of gate at
the stern, which is metallic, is a
protective device to avoid any mishap
possibility on account of open stern.
The gate remain closed when fishing is
not performed and open while fishing.
The connection of otter board towards
vessels and gear is same as in Net drum
trawling.
The length of bobbins tray at the port
hand and starboard side on working deck
is just sufficient to accommodate half of
the head rope.
The coaming which meet at the junction
of both side is shaped perfectly to
accommodate mouth of the gear.
The main double drum winch handle the
towing warps.
idditional single drum winches are fitted
just forward to the end of bobbin trays
on each side to handle independent cable
, ground cable and entire net etc.
 idvantages
The arrangement when wings of the
tramel taken up each side of working
deck ensure that the net is well sprayed
oat on the deck for necessary repairs.
Bobbins trays and coaming protect the
gear from bad weather by covering it
(wooden planks).
Often depending upon the size of the
vessel, there is easy lifting of the whole
gear on the board in single pull.
The vessel arrangement is such that gear
can be reset immediately for fishing after
emptying the catch without interfering
from main working to attend the catch.
The ramp gate is an important safety
factor for stern ramp vessels especially
in small craft as it eliminates flooding of
main deck.
The bigger vessels has the facility for
fish tank under the false deck,
processing for freezing and canning can
be taken up over the vessels.
Considerable protection to crew on
working deck is providing in the region
of forecastle.
 Size of the
Vessels
Stern ramp trawler is a huge vessels
to the size beyond 150 feet, but in
recent time a small vessels of 80
feet size can be easily convertible
into stern ramp`
ðonstruction part for
one boat mid water
It is different than that of a bottom trawl
trawling
gear and is constructed in four pannels.

mor two wings, means each wings would

have two pannels.

mloats are on head rope and flat rope is

weighed with chains
4 The number of floats attached and
weight in ratio are not constant bin mid
water trawling because it is dependent
weather single or paired mid water
trawling is performed to maintain the
correct geometry of net.

In addition to bull rope attached at one

wing while towing a second choaking
strap is used and tied to other wings.
Net is made in four pannels in order to
prevent fish from being escaped while net is
being brought aboard correctly sealing mouth
of gear completely.
The number of floats on head rope and
quantity of weights attached over floats rope,
don·t remain constant.

idditional floats if required may be attached

to net wings, weight between 50 ² 150 lb are
attached to lower briddle from each wings two
briddle arise which are connected to otter
board, from outer side of otter board towing
warp are given connection to vessels.
 Two types of otter board are used.
In one boat mid water trawler they are:
ð

  Double curved with air foils
 

  
 Single curved
surface stiffened with flat plates
The height of door is greater than its length
It is vital for mid the finer limits, the
position of net between bottom water
trawling to have means of determining with
and surface.

mor slow swimmer fish require, the speed of

vessels 2 - 3 knots while fast swimmer fish
requires 4 - 4.5 knot for capture.
 u


 

u  
The gear is boat type used for paired and midwater
trawling, each vessels attached (tows) one side of
net using towing warps attached to upper and
lower briddles to the wings at that side

Horizontal opening of the mouth of the gear is

achieved by maintaining the correct spacing
between distance apart equal to the half of the
warp length

Vertical opening of the mouth is obtained by

disposition of head rope and chain along foot
rope, larger floats are often attached to one side of
net wings near the head rope.
 Two Boat
(
aired) id
water Trawling
i small weight is attached to lower
briddles (50 lb) and larger wt are (360
lb) secured to end of lower warps just
forward of their attachment to the
lower briddles (by slip hooks)
The warps are connected to the
briddles of slip hooks arrangement to
permit rapid connection and
disconnection as and when needed
The transducer arrangement is as
usual except that the cable is taken
to the vessels that hauls the gear and
set initially (starboard vessels)
 Vessels layout for
paired mid water
Trawling
Generally any vessels out fitted for
single boat operation can be used for pair
trawling provided some simple
arrangement are made

In the vessels layout a double back is

usually arranged at the stern with leads
going to the winch drum head called as
mair lead blocks
Several flattened pulleys or bollards or
snatch blocks are also conveniently
placed at the stern required to provide
necessary connection to winch hauling.

In this type of fishing generally only

single vessels hauls the gear( starboard)

The hauling can be performed from stern

as well as from side trawler, but from the
side trawler the facility of towing block
is must, to run out warp evenly.
 urolling
This method is particularly applicable to
capture of pelagic species having high
individual value and where high quantity
is necessary.
e.g. Salmon, Tuna

i number of lured or baited hooks are

towed east of a slowly moving vessels.
The fish after snapping the lure get
hooked by mouth until they can be
brought aboard as the line is hauling in.
*

LAY OUT OF TROLLING

Different views of
Trolling
 uhe gear and
arrangement
The vessels used in trolling has supporting
outrigger from each side of working deck which
support several trolling lines or laid lines and
runs from the small drums (each line has it own
drum or winch) to the derit and from their with
the support of outrigger suspended stern side
through clip ring.

áach troll lines are suitable given a weight by

the common bull type sinkers of varying weight
up to 50 pounds so that these troll lines can be
operated at various depth in the single
operation.
áach troll lines would give out short
leaders ending into lured hooks probably
6-8 in number .

The hooks may carry weight in the form

of natural lures or artificial lures
(painting the hooks with attractive
colours or even using coloured red
ribbons behind each hooks.
 Operation
The vessels used in trolling steams a head
after suspending troll lines is turn away
with the speed of 1-
1-2 knots.
Sufficient fishing time is given so that the
harvest may include more number of
fishes.
The hooking of fishes is being eroded by a
jerk over out riggers or sometime the use
of ácosounder is taken for locating the fish
shoal and also hooking of the fish.
The fishing operation ends with retrieving
of the lines to the single drum winch called
Gurdy
 ^ultirig trawling
In certain fisheries Multirig trawling
several smaller trawl gears are towed in
place of one large net has been found
particularly fit.
This arrangement is of special
importance in shrimp fisheries, where
the species are caught by scrapping the
bottom closely and do not to rise far
from the sea bed to slightly different
operation is identified as Gulf shrimp
trawl of US and áuropean vessels
MULTIRIG TRAWLING
Usually two trawl gears are used for one
vessels but many innovation have been
introduced recently when the vessels
tows more than 2 or 3 nets in single
operation.
The principle reason for using two nets
rather than one larger trawl is that .
In this type of fishing where the species
are caught on the bottom.
It is the width of the area scrapped which
determines largely the effectiveness of rig
trawling.
The height of the head rope being less
important in this type of fishing.
The gear used in rig trawling are smaller
and hence have less towing resistance.

The trawl gear may be of otter trawl type

or beam trawl type.

áach vessels is towed with the help of

single warp running from the vessels.

In this type of fishing the otter board are

connected directly to the wings for each
year.
The connection of the door to the towing
warp is given by the pair of briddle arising
from each door brackets
The two nets are balanced from the end of
side the vessels.
If the vessels doesn't have the facility of
outrigger having the facility reeils is
taken from each side of the vessels

The outrigger suspend each gear in such a

way is usual to toe one net some 150 feet
ahead of others.