By

ATIRAKE SINGH
09011D08019
 It is internal resistance which the body offerss to
meet with the load is called STRESS.

 Force per unit area

σ Load P
=
Area A
=

 Units: MPa, psi, ksi

 Types: bearing, shearing , axial
Classification of Stresses

1)Simple or direct stress

I)Tension

II)Compression

III)Shera

2)Indirect stress

I) Bending

II)Torsion

3)Combined stress

Any possible combination of types 1 and 2

 Ratio of deformation caused by load to the
original length of material

ε
Change in Length ∆
=
=
Original Length
LL
 Units: Dimensionless
 Stiffness
σ
= stress/strain =
ε
Stress, σ

 For elastic materials :

E o Modulus of Elasticity
1 o Elastic Modulus
o Young’s Modulus
Strain, ε
 The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known as
Poisson’s ratio.

 µ=lateral strain
Lateral strain

Where m is a constant and its value varies between 3 and 4 for

different material.


 Center of gravity of the body may be defined as the
point through which the whole weight of a body may
be assumed act.
 Common shapes are

I Angle Channel

 Common materials are steel and wood

Source: Load & Resistance Factor Design (First Edition), AISC

9
Introduction to Beams
• The parallel portions on an I-beam or H-beam are
referred to as the flanges. The portion that connects the
flanges is referred to as the web.
Web

Web Flanges

Flanges

10
 Beams are supported in structures via
different configurations

Source: Statics (Fifth Edition), Meriam and Kraige, Wiley

11
 Beams are designed to support various types of
loads and forces

Concentrated Load Distributed Load

Source: Statics (Fifth Edition), Meriam and Kraige, Wiley

12
Beam Theory
• Consider a simply supported beam of
length, L. The cross section is
rectangular, with width, b, and depth, h.

13
Beam Theory
• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of
gravity of a solid body.
• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be easily
found by inspection. X and Y axes intersect at the
centroid of a symmetric cross section, as shown on the
rectangular cross section.

Y - Axis

h/2
X - Axis
h/2

b/2 b/2
14
Beam Theory
• An important variable in beam design is the moment of
inertia of the cross section, denoted by I.
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist rotation.
• Moment of inertia is a measure of the stiffness of the
beam with respect to the cross section and the ability of
the beam to resist bending.
• As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.
• Units are (LENGTH)4, e.g. in4, ft4, cm4

15
Beam Theory
• I can be derived for any common area using calculus.
However, moment of inertia equations for common cross
sections (e.g., rectangular, circular, triangular) are readily
available in math and engineering textbooks.
• For a rectangular cross section,
X-axis (passing
through centroid)
bh3
Ix = h

12
b

• b is the dimension parallel to the bending axis. h is the

dimension perpendicular to the bending axis.

16
 Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.

Y-Axis

bh3
Ix =
12

( 0.25in)(1.00in)
h = 1.00” X-Axis 3
Ix =
12

I x = 0.02083in 4
b = 0.25”

17
 Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Y-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.

bh3
X-Axis
Iy =
12

(1.00in)( 0.25in)
Y-Axis h = 0.25” 3
Iy =
12
b = 1.00”

I y = 0.00130in4

18
Beam Theory
• Suppose a concentrated load, P, is
applied to the center of the simply
supported beam.

19
Beam Theory
• The beam will bend downward as a result
of the load P.

20
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) is the vertical
displacement of the of the beam as a
result of the load P.

Deflection, Δ

21
 Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) of a simply supported, center loaded
beam can be calculated from the following formula:

3
PL
Δ =
48EI
where, P
P = concentrated load (lbs.)
L = span length of beam (in.)
E = modulus of elasticity
(lbs./in.2)
I = moment of inertia of axis L
perpendicular to load P (in.4)

22
Beam Theory
• Modulus of elasticity, E, is a property that indicates the
stiffness and rigidity of the beam material. For example,
steel has a much larger modulus of elasticity than wood.
Values of E for many materials are readily available in
tables in textbooks. Some common values are
Material Modulus of Elasticity (psi)

Steel 30 x 106
Aluminum 10 x 106
Wood ~ 2 x 106

23
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the steel beam
supporting a 500 lb load shown below.

P = 500 lb

h = 2”

b = 3”

L = 36”

PL 3
bh3
Δ = I =
48EI 12
24
Beam Theory
• Step 1: Calculate the moment of inertia, I.

bh3
I =
12

I =
( 3 in)( 2 in) 3

12

I = 2 in4

25
Beam Theory
• Step 2: Calculate the deflection, Δ.

PL3
Δ =
48EI

Δ =
( 500lb)( 36in) 3

 6 lb 
(
48 30 x 10 2  2 in4
in 
)


Δ =
( 500lb) ( 46656in3 )
 6 lb 
(
48 30 x 10 2  2 in4
in 
)

Δ = 0.0081in
26
Beam Theory
• These calculations are very simple for a solid, symmetric
cross section.
• Now consider slightly more complex symmetric cross
sections, e.g. hollow box beams. Calculating the
moment of inertia takes a little more effort.
• Consider a hollow box beam as shown below:

0.25 in.

6 in.

4 in.
27
Beam Theory
• The same equation for moment of inertia, I = bh3/12, can
be used.
• Treat the outer dimensions as a positive area and the
inner dimensions as a negative area, as the centroids of
both are about the same X-axis.

X-axis

Positive Area Negative Area

28
Beam Theory
• Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-axis for the
positive area and the negative area using I = bh3/12.
The outer dimensions will be denoted with subscript “o”
and the inner dimensions will be denoted with subscript
“i”.

ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.

bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.

29
Beam Theory

ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.

bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.

3 3
b h bh
Ipos = o o Ineg = i i
12 12

Ipos =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 Ineg =
( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12
30
 Beam Theory
• Simply subtract Ineg from Ipos to calculate the moment of
inertia of the box beam, Ibox

Ibox = Ipos - Ineg

3 3
0.25 in. bo ho bi hi
Ibox = −
6 in. 12 12

Ibox =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 − ( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12
4 in.
Ibox =
( 4 in) ( 216in3 ) − ( 3.5in) (166.4in3 )
12 12

Ibox = 23.5 in4

31
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an I-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner.

32
Beam Theory
• Identify the positive and negative areas…

Positive Area Negative Area

33
Beam Theory
• …and calculate the moment of inertia similar to the box
beam (note the negative area dimensions and that it is
multiplied by 2).

ho
hi

bo bi bi

3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12
34
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…

35
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…

36
Beam Theory
• …however, the H-beam is divided into three positive
areas.

h1 h2 h1

b2

b1 b1
3 3 3
b1 h1 b2 h2 b1 h1
IH-beam = + +
12 12 12
3 3
2b1 h1 b2 h2
IH-beam = +
12 12 37
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the I-beam shown
below. The I-beam is composed of three ½” x 4” steel
plates welded together.

P = 5000 lbf

L = 8 ft ½” x 4” steel plate (typ.)

38
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.

ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.

bi = bi
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12

39
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.

ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.

bi =1.75in bi
bo = 4 in.

I I −beam =
( 4in) ( 5in) 3 − 2 (1.75in) ( 4in) 3
12 12

I I −beam = 23.0 in4

40
Beam Theory
• Next, calculate the deflection (Esteel = 30 x 106 psi).

P = 5000 lbf

L = 8 ft

3
PL
Δ =
48EI
41
Beam Theory
• Calculate the deflection, Δ.

PL3
Δ =
48EI

Δ =
( 5000lb)( 96in) 3


(
6 lbf 
48 30 x 10 2  23 in4
in 
)


Δ =
( 5000lb) ( 884736in3 )
 6 lb 
(
48 30 x 10 2  23 in4
in 
)

Δ = 0.134in
42
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the volume and mass of the beam if
the density of steel is 490 lbm/ft3.

L = 8 ft ½” x 4” steel plate (typ.)

43
Beam Theory
• Volume = (Area) x (Length)

V = AL
V = 3( 0.5in)( 4in)( 8ft)
( )
V = 3 2.0in2 ( 96in)
V = 576in3

44
Beam Theory
• Convert to cubic feet…
3
 1ft 
V = 576in 3

 12in
 1ft 
3
V = 576in 
3

3
 1728in 

V = 0.333ft3

45
Beam Theory
• Calculate mass of the beam
• Mass = Density x Volume

m= ρV

 lbm 
(
m =  490 3  0.333ft3
ft 
)


m= 163.3lbm

46
Questions??

Question ? ?
Thank u