m E.H.Carr.

- history consists of a set of facts

that have been checked and
confirmed.
m J.B. Bury- history is a science, no less and
no more.
m Historical sources refer to the materials
covering the history of the vast variety of
properties on the events of past history.
m Historical sources may consist of written
records, oral traditions, the remains of
prehistoric settlements, inscriptions on
stones, and the object can provide an
explanation as to the existence of an
event of human history is found.

m Historical resource means a thing or

event that has happen. Niebuhr a
western historians who study describes
the historical sources as a working under-
ground.
m !ource are materials of stored in special
places such as archives, libraries,
museums, offices, record keeping, court,
or in the homes of individuals.

m R.G, Collingwood in his book, Idea of

History, source is the text of a forward-
looking statements regarding a historical
event. Behind the forward-looking
statements will be classified and
interpreted according to the needs of
the historian to make history right.
m ëhere are two categories of historical
evidence that the document share
extensive written
oral documents.
m ëhe two sources share a common
element of what is sought by a member
of the history of an historical event.
m Inscribed document is important as there
is obtained directly or indirectly.
m Features of written documents are part
of human communication systems, both
past and present which consists of
network elements according to the
environment and the development of a
community.
m In interpreting historical documents,
historians have to be critical to identify
anyone who is author of the document
itself or the role of determining whether
the individual is at that time.
m In the study of historical sources, the
authenticity of historical sources can be
divided into three classifications,
namely the source originality,
content source
purpose of reviewing the source.
m ëo discuss the authenticity of a source,
historians have touched on many
important aspects of historical sources
when the source is generated or
produced,
where a production or production of
are source,
the attitude of the history of a
resource that is used.
m Historians will try to ensure that the
resources referred to are the source of
the resulting two-level
contemporary source available is
the source or ,
sources that have long existed.
m Contemporary sources are resources
that may occur based on experience
and observation of a person during his
life and recounted the incident later.
m ëhen the second group, those who do
not live in that era made the
conversation stead of past events as
contemporary witness resources.
m r historian should be sensitive to the
place or country in which are source is
acquired and produced.
m In assessing the credibility of a source,
historians must refer those who are
producing sources, such as whether it
involves a country's population, or those
who travel from one place to another
place, or someone who lives outside the
country.
m !hape and nature of historical sources can
be categorized into two parts,
the source of formal and informal sources.
m Formal sources may consist of notes that tell
of a society through information obtained
by the author of the communication
between man and man.
m Communication is happen using the words
spoken or written, and then developed in
the writings of a formal source.
m ïhile informal sources include all forms
of material and non material and
content that connects historical events
of the past. It can provide information
about the natural life of a society such as
in connection with the natural life of
man, language, custom art, shells,
clothing, tools of defense and
entertainment.
m Historians seek information and historical
events through two different sources of
primary sources and secondary sources.
m ëhe content is fresh and produced by creative
ideas.
m Not translated into other languages and
remains the original.
m Early sources that have not been interpreted.
m ëhe actual text, not modified and
exaggerated.
m ëhe first source of information available.
m Unprocessed raw materials or physical change.
m !carce because of limited, hard, deleted,
personal property, or individual.
m !econdary sources are historical sources
that have been processed, interpreted,
and assessed by historians from primary
sources to form a secondary source. For
example, history books, journals, articles,
and thesis.
m Louis Gottschalk, in his bookO




   
 .
!econdary sources are sources in the form
of notes from anyone who is not a witness is
a person who is not present when the
incident occurred
m ëo know what data and information
contained in a sources and documents.
m For the purpose of knowing
who wrote or from which
the source generated that the historian
can trust the source content.
m ëo produce
a history of quality work and achieve the
historical truth.
m Critical resource is a set of
guidelines that can help historians to inte
rpret historical sources that are genuine
and authentic.

m Criticism of the term used to refer to

the process of interpreting evidence.
m ¢ëhis criticism due from the attitude
of distrust of the history of
the explanations given by the
witnesses in the past.µ (March Bloch)
m ëhereare
two types of source criticism :-
^ internal criticism
^ external criticism
m 6
 

-> It is the efforts
of historians to trace the
authenticity or validity of a
historical resource.

m ˜
 

-> is the
actual process of history to the
historians on interpreting the contents
of the authenticity of the
document that was
approved during the external criticism.
m Both of these processes can help the
historian in conducting more
accurate research truth because
the authenticity of the source has
been determined at an early stage.
m External criticism of the process carried
out by using the methods
of historians such as:-
^ Chemical test.
^ Language test.
^ handwritten test.
m ë
 

^ In the early stages, the historian will try
to determine the actual age of
a document that will be used to look
at some elements of physical resources.
^ Historians need
to examine the documents such
as the paper, ink, stamp used.
^ Efforts to do chemical test is to avoid
falsification of documents or a source.
^ Œocuments or resources produced in
the history of civilization has a very real
difference in terms of content of materials
used at that time.
^ For
example, materials for producing ceramics
in the era of civilization is not the same
between
Yangshao and Loashang civilization
although both these civilizations have existe
d in China and different era in terms
of appearance.
m ð



^ ëhis is an important to conduct language
test by historians because the nature
of language in the
world is dynamic and changes over time.
^ Historians will have a
problem when reading a document because
the writing style of the 1800's writing style is
not the same as in 1900's and these differences
occur is in terms of spelling,
handwriting, and double words.
^ therefore, the historian must have
the skills and understanding
of language as a rule. For example, the use
of dictionaries and
encyclopedias glossary to explain meaning
of the words the past.
m M
 
 

^ Handwriting tests conducted by the
historian is to examine the authenticity of
document and the source by comparing
the handwriting of the person with examples
of handwritten documents written by other
individuals.
^ ëhis comparative method to identify the
characteristics of the similarities and
differences in the
writing produced by the same person or
different persons.
m ëhe process of
internal criticism by historians began
after the completion of the
proper external criticism.
m Historians need to filter
out all the historical sources to ensure
that each item or items taken from
the source can be accounted for.
m Historians need to detect the
facts and statements contained in the
writing of history
and not only accepted directly from
witnesses gathered.
m Historian must make a rational
interpretation of the source of
the revelations given by
the perpetrators or witnesses of an
event.
m Internal criticism more
focused on the interpretation
of the content of historical sources.
m ëhere is some level of interpretation
of the source should be considered
by historians as :-
^ ºerbal Interpretation
^ ëechnical Interpretation
^ Logical Interpretation
^ Psychological Interpretation
^ Interpretation of the fact
m ºerbal Interpretation
^ ºerbal interpretation of the
process will occur when a reading focusing
on the words contained in a document for
individual and group.
^ ëhis interpretation is
more focused on aspects of language in
order to know the meaning of
words in a document.
^ In
addition, verbal interpretation also explains
the meanings of words and sentences to get
the idea that the author tried to
capture the relevant documents.
m ëechnical Interpretation
^ ëhis method of interpretation to explain the
purpose of writing done by a writer
resources and identify any specific reading o
f historical sources are used.
^ In general, the
technical definition of a document based
on two considerations, namely the purpose
of the writer and do a proper reading.
^ Both of these considerations will be able to
distinguish the source of the only sources
of information alone or mixed to the
historian.
m Logical interpretation
^ It is a method
of interpretation by historians to connect
the various parts of the resource according
to the right mindset.
^ Interpretation process is to provide a
networking event which
joined the historian of
thought, before or after the event occurred.
m Psychological interpretation
^ Method of interpretation is to see
the characters thoughts or author of
a resource that is influenced
by physical, social and intellectual.
^ Psychological interpretation of the history
of the source or document is read by a
process point of view to get ideas of history.
^ ëhrough this
method, researchers can detect the
influence of the physical work of the
author of the resources generated.
m Interpretation of the facts
^ ëhis method is used after
a successful historian to understand
the meaning and
content sources or documents are reviewed.
^ ëhe interpretation of the facts will be
made by applying one or more of three met
hods of interpretation of the past.
^ ëhrough the method of interpretation of the
facts in a document of history, historians can
present historical facts are significant, either
individually or in groups to explain the causes
and consequences of an event.