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` A summary is a shortened passage, which

retains the essential information of the original.
It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own
words ---of the contents of a passage.
` Note: you simply report back what the writer
has said, without making value judgments.
 Ô   





` Ôan be understood without reference to the

original;
` Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains only
the ideas or information of, the original;
` Is brief without any unnecessary detail;
` Is a readable unified whole
     




0. Paraphrasing
To paraphrase means to completely
and correctly express other peopleƞs
ideas in oneƞs own words.
 G  



The development and spread of new

technologies have made the rise of
globalization inevitable.
New technologies have made globalization
inevitable.
 
   

` It helps us understand the original

better.
` It helps us grasp the central idea and
the main points.
` It helps us write summaries that are
brief and to the point, and in our own
words.
 |   

ºead the original carefully and

comprehend its meaning wholly and
correctly.

Ôonsider the original article as a

whole, not in isolated sentences.
     




Ñ. Ôondensing

` Use synonyms or synonymous phrases

He had a good command of English.
(He knew English well.)
` Ôhange the structure of simple sentences
My brother has an appreciation of modern
architecture.
(My brother appreciates modern architecture.)
` Turn complex sentences into simple sentences
When he entered the house, he received a
welcome that was as cold as ice.
(He received an icy welcome upon entering the
house.)
` Ôombine the sentences
Hurry up. If you donƞt, youƞll miss the train.
(Hurry up or youƞll miss the train.)
 ÿ



Necessary elements for a good summary

` Proper citation
title, author, source;
date of publication and the text
(journal articles)
` Thesis statement
the topic or general subject matter of the text;
the authorƞs major assertion, comment, or
position on the topic
` |upporting ideas
ºefer to only major supporting ideas.
Mention the authorƞs purpose in writing but donƞt
add personal opinions, ideas, and inferences
` Grammar and the structure of writing
avoid direct quotation;
use transitional words
` Length
0
to 0  of the original
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ºead the article
To understand the article and find the
general theme.
ºeread the article
Divide into sections and label each
section.
Understand the important parts.
Write one-sentence summaries
|ummarize each section of thought.
åormulate the thesis statement
Weave the one-sentence section-summaries
together.
Write the first draft
In the first sentence or two:
 The authorƞs name
 The articleƞs or chapterƞs name
 The authorƞs thesis statement
Then the summary sentences for each paragraph
or section.
Œxpress in your own words, to avoid plagiarism.
Use occasional supporting ideas if necessary.
Note:
ƥ Œliminate unnecessary words and repetitions.
ƥ Œliminate personal ideas and inferences.
ƥ Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow
of ideas.
ƥ Ôonclude with a Ɲsumming upƞ sentence.
Œdit the draft
ƥ Is all the important information in the
summary?
ƥ Am I listing things out?
ƥ Am I saying the same thing over and over
again?
ƥ Have I left out my personal views and ideas?
ƥ Does my summary Ɲhang togetherƞ?
ƥ Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling
correct?
Write the final draft
 G


Xriginal text

` ƝAt a typical football match we are likely to see players committing

deliberate fouls, often behind the refereeƞs back. They might try to
take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more
advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the
game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or
linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary
punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst
themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands
by invading the pitch in the hope of affecting the outcome of the
match.ƞ [0 words]
|ummary

` Unsportsmanklike behaviour by footballers may cause

hooliganism among spectators. [9 words]
 º

` pull out main ideas
` focus on key details
` use key words and phrases
` break down the larger ideas
` write only enough to convey the gist
` take succinct but complete notes