CASE STUDY

GROUP 4
BSN IV
Pregnancy Induced
Hypertension
 Introduction

Eclampsia, a dramatic and often unpredictable complication of

pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, is characterized by sudden
hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and seizures.

A relatively rare syndrome, eclampsia complicates approximately 3 in

100 pregnancies, with higher incidence rates in preeclamptic or twin
pregnancies, women of low socioeconomic status or in developing
countries, and nulliparous patients younger than 20 years or multiparous
patients older than 35 years of age.

However many medical disorders can occur during pregnancy,

childbirth, and in the post delivery time. One of those disorders in pregnancy
is eclampsia.

Eclampsia is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and

can present during the antepartum, intrapartum, or postpartum periods.
Late postpartum eclampsia presents as convulsions, with onset occurring
at more than 48 hours postpartum.
Demographic Data
 Age Distribution

Age group [ years ]

19 or less 22 [46.80%]
20-24 19 [40.42%]
25-29 3 [6.38% ] 19 o r le s s

30 or more 3 [ 6.38%] 20
25
- 24
- 29
30 o r m o re

Eclampsia was found to be more common among young and adolescent women .
Significance of the Study
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension is a rare complication that
occur within 42 days after delivery. We have chosen this case
for the reason, that we became curious and interested regarding
the deeper medical diagnosis for the occurrence of the certain
disease.

It is very necessary for pregnant women to have knowledge

concerning the subject matter for them to be aware and
educated about the possible complications that may arise on
their pregnancy.

Educating them to seek early and regular prenatal care is

the best way to prevent complications that may lead to maternal
various diseases.
 Study of the
Subject Matter
What is Pregnancy-induced Hypertension?

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is
defined as the development of new arterial
hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks
gestation.
It occurs most often in young women with a
first pregnancy. It is more common in twin
pregnancies, in women with chronic hypertension,
preexisting diabetes, and in women who had PIH
in a previous pregnancy
 • Symptoms seen in patient:

 Blood pressure elevation (140/100)

 Episodes of Two-Clonic Seizure

 Blurred Vision
 • Diagnostic done with the patient:

• Diagnosis is often based on the increase in blood

pressure levels, but other symptoms may help establish
eclampsia as the diagnosis. Tests for eclampsia may
include the following:
 Blood pressure measurement

 Urinalysis

 Frequent weight measurements

 Blood Chemistry

 Hematology
Treatment done with the patient:
 Bed rest (either at home or in the hospital may be recommended)

 Hospitalization (as specialized personnel and equipment may be necessary)

 Magnesium sulfate given IV by infusion pump to prevent or limit seizures

 Anti-Convulsion

 Anti-Hypertensive

 Foley catheter

 Normal Delivery

 Calcium Channel Blocker

Reproductive System
 Functions:

1. Production of female sex cells

2. Reception of sperm cells from the male
3. Nurturing the development of and
providing nourishment for the new
individual
4. Production of female sex hormones.
Baby and Placenta
The placenta is also a kind of padding,
and maintains a unique environment in
which your baby can develop and grow.
The placenta forms from the same cells as
the embryo and attaches itself to the inner
wall of the uterus, growing as your baby
grows and the volume of your amniotic
fluid increases. When it's finished growing,
it is circular and weighs about a pound;
when the body expels it after the birth,
many women are surprised at its size and
weight.
Blood Vessel
 Functions:

1. Carry blood
2. Exchange nutrients, waste products and
gases
3. Transport
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Direct blood flow
 Structure and Functions of Blood Vessels
Structure Functions
Arteries - The walls (outer structure) of Transport blood away from the heart;
arteries contain smooth muscle fiber Transport oxygenated blood only (except
that contract and relax under the in the case of the pulmonary artery).
instructions of the sympathetic nervous
system.

Arterioles - Arterioles are tiny Transport blood from arteries to

branches of arteries that lead to
capillaries. These are also under the
control of the sympathetic nervous
system, and constrict and dilate, to
regulate blood flow.
capillaries;
Arterioles are the main regulators of
blood flow and pressure.

Venules - Venules are minute vessels Drains blood from capillaries into veins,
that drain blood from capillaries and for return to the heart
into veins. Many venules unite to form a
vein.
Heart
 Functions:

1. Generating blood pressure

2. Routing blood
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
4. Regulating blood supply
Blood flow through the Heart
 Brain

Controls the central nervous system (CNS), by way of the cranial nerves
and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and regulates
virtually all human activity. Involuntary, or "lower," actions, such as heart
rate, respiration, and digestion, are unconsciously governed by the
brain, specifically through the autonomic nervous system. Complex, or
"higher," mental activity, such as thought, reason, and abstraction, is
consciously controlled.
Neurons
Generalized seizures are caused by abnormal
electrical activity at multiple locations in the
brain and/or over a large area of the brain. This
results in loss of consciousness and body
stiffening, which is followed by shaking of the
arms and legs.
Abnormal electrical activity may start in one part
of the brain and cause isolated symptoms.
Sometimes this abnormal electrical activity
spreads through the brain, resulting in a
generalized seizure. Seizures can be caused by
a specific area of the brain that is injured or
inflamed, or they can be due to stress on the
brain from a more widespread systemic
process, such as severely low blood sugar.
 Risk factor

Modifiable factor:
Non Modifiable factor: • Diet and nutrition
•.Family history of preeclampsia ·Multiple gestation
·Age (<20, >40 years old ·Previous preeclampsia
·Primiparity ·Hydatidiform mole
·Pre-existing hypertension
·Renal disease
·DM

Idiopathic

Defective placental implantation

Placental ischemia

Placental Systemic hemodynamic

factors adaptation

Endothelial dysfunction

Reduced perfusion of affected organs

Clinical manifestation of pre-eclampsia