mADIO REQUENCY
ENTIFICATION

(RFID)

BY
S.DEVENDER
ROLL NO:08315A0406
E.C.E-A
SNIST
INTRODUCTION

i RFID is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and

remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.

i RFID is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or

electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person.

i An alternative to bar code.

i RFID is also called dedicated short range communication ?
.

^ISTORY

ΠInvented in 1948 by ^arry Stockman.

ΠInitial application was during World War II-The United Kingdom used
RFID devices to distinguish returning English airplanes from inbound
German ones. RADAR was only able to signal the presence of a plane, not
the kind of plane it was..

ΠCame into commercial use only in 1990s

SYSTEM OVERVIEW
RFID COMMUNICATIONS

 

 



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RFID COMMUNICATION

[ ^ost manages Reader(s) and issues Commands

[ Reader and tag communicate via RF signal

[ Carrier signal generated by the reader

[ Carrier signal sent out through the antennas

[ Carrier signal hits tag(s)

[ Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

[ ³sends back´ modulated signal (Passive Backscatter ± also referred to

as ³field disturbance device´)

[ Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader

[ Reader decodes the data

[ Results returned to the host application

 COMPONENTS OF RFID(CONT¶D)

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COMPONENTS OF RFID

ΠAn RFID tag is an object that can be stuck on or incorporated into a

product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio
waves .
ΠTags ( Chip + Antenna + Substrate ).
-Tag types
-Active.
-Passive.
-Read only.
-Write only .
-Frequency at which these tags are used
-Between 125 to 134 kilohertz.
-At 13.56 megahertz.
-Between 868 to 956 megahertz.
-At 2.45 gigahertz›
PASSIVE RFID TAGS
ΠTag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of
data

ΠTag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation

ΠTag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the

antennas ± usually in doorways

ΠThe field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak

signal containing the data.

Œ Collision Detection ± recognition of multiple tags in the read range ± is

employed to separately read the individual tags
ACTIVE RFID TAGS
[Battery Powered tags
[^ave much greater range ± 100m
[^old much more information ± Kbytes
[Can integrate sensing technology
[Temperature, GPS
[Can signal at defined time
[Multiple tags can be recorded at once
[Used for higher value items like Shipping containers Babies, Electronic
assets
[Cost between $20 and $40 per item
[Life between 2 ± 4 years
ELECTRONIC PRODUCT CODE-
CODE-EPC

[Each tag contains a unique code that facilitating the identification process &
is known as EPC.

E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)

[^eader ± defines version of EPC(8 bits)

[EPC Manager ± describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (28 bits)

[Object Class - Could describe the product type (24 Bits)

[Serial Number ± Unique ID for that product item (36 Bits)

ANTENNA FIELDS: INDUCTIVE COUPLING





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ANTENNA FIELDS: PROPAGATION COUPLING





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OPERATIONAL FREQUENCIES
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RFID Barcode
Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring Scanner needs to see the bar code to
the tag near the reader read it

RFID is comparatively fast

Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time

Relatively expensive as compared to Bar

Codes
(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece)

Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused

ADVANTAGES OF RFID

BENEFITS TO RETAILERS, MANUFACTURES ETC

[ Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of ³safety stock´.

[ Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks.

[ Increased stock visibility and availability.

[ Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes.

[ More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment.

BENEFITS TO CUSTOMERS

[ Improved Product Selection

[ Product Freshness for Dated Goods

[ Easier Identification on Recalls

APPLICATIONS

[Used where unique identification is needed.

[Large Retail companies ± Product Tracking.

[^ospitals & Nursing ^omes ± Patient Tagging .

[Airports ± Baggage Tracking.

[Security Applications ± Contactless Smart Cards.

[RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags.

[RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality.

[Passports-UK, Australia, Finland, Ireland.

[RFID is used in Libraries.

[Replacing Barcodes.
ISSUES

[Cost of RFID technology.

[Active RFID life ± 2 to 4 years.

[Privacy concerns-surreptitious consumer surveillance.

[Extreme weather.

[Security concerns-illicit tracking of RFID tags.

[Global standardization.

[Environmental concern- recycling.

[RFID systems are vulnerable to virus ›

RFID SUMMARY

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