RESEARCH PAPER

IN

SOCIOLOGY
 GROUPIV:

BANDIOLA LENY
AVILA LILIBETH
JASON
ATIBO CHESSIE
CABALLERO
PROFES
MONGCAWE JESSICA
SOR
VIRTUCIO ARDIANITA
MANISAN CHARISSA
FAMILY
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
 1.)HOW TO CONTROL POPULATION GROWTH IN OUR
SOCIETY OR COUNTRY?

*BY FAMILY PLANNING

Family planning is the ability for a woman or couple to determine when
and how many children they are going to have by practicing safe sexual
practices. This keeps the prospective parents healthy and without child until a
time of their choosing. It also includes teaching teens and children about
sexuality and reproduction to keep them from having children before they are
ready and providing contraception.
The majority of Filipinos are in favor of family planning. The catholic
church teaches the necessity of responsible parenthood and correct family
planning ( one child at a time depending on one’s circumstances), while at the
same time teaching that large families are a sign of a God’s blessings. It
teaches that modern natural family planning, a method of fertility awareness, is
in accord with couples to have government funded access to artificial
contraception methods as well.
 The proponents state that RH will mean:
(1) Information and access to natural and modern family
planning
(2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition
(3) Promotion of breast feeding
(4)Prevention of abortion and management of post-
abortion complications
(5) Adolescent and youth health
(6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections, HIV/ AIDS and STDs
(7) Elimination of violence against women
(8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive
health
(9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers
(10) Male involvement and participation in RH:
(11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and
(12) RH education for the youth.
Birth Control Options: Family Planning Tools
Family planning tools are categorized into two: Natural
Family Planning & the Artificial Family Planning
Methods.
Advantages of Family Planning
Family planning helps you prevent conception and
reduce the risk of pregnancy. The biggest advantage of
family tools is that they save you from the hassles of
pregnancy termination and abortion.
* BY Natural Family Planning Methods

Abstinence: One of the most effective ways of natural family planning

is abstinence. Couples who do not want to have a baby and want to avoid
taking artificial contraceptives, should keep away from sexual
intercourse during the fertile days of the woman. For this method to
work out, the women should keep track of their menstrual cycles to know
the timing of their ovulation and the period during when there is high
risk of getting pregnant.

Withdrawal: Withdrawal is another method of natural pregnancy

prevention. In this method, the man withdraws his penis from the vagina
before ejaculation while having sex. However, this is not a full proof
method of birth control, as the fluid which is secreted before
ejaculation also contains sperms and are sufficient to fertilize an
ovum.

Natural family planning is normally chosen by people owing to certain

religious reasons or because they are not able to take contraceptives
due to health reasons. The best thing about natural methods of avoiding
pregnancy is that they do not have any negative effects; however, to
follow this method couples have to be determined and disciplined.
* BY Artificial Family Planning Methods

Condoms: Condoms are the most commonly used male contraceptive to

escape pregnancy. Using condoms during sexual intercourse acts
like a barrier for sperms to enter the vagina, thus restricting
their contact with the egg. In recent times, even female condoms
are available in the market. Along with birth control, a condom
also helps in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
There have been cases where condoms have failed to avoid
pregnancy, but this is mostly due to defective condoms or
incorrect use of the condom.

Birth Control and Emergency Pills: Another method of

artificial family planning is the use of birth control pills by
women. Birth control pills also known as oral contraceptives , stop
the development of the egg and also helps in the thickening of the
cervical mucus in the uterus, thus restricting the passage of the
sperms to the egg. This can be an effective method if the pills
are taken regularly and in the correct manner. If contraceptives
do not work out, another way of precluding pregnancy is to take
emergency contraceptive pills. If a couple has indulged in unsafe
sex, the woman can take emergency pills to reduce the chances of
getting pregnant
ECP OR EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
Effectiveness (chance of NOT getting pregnant)
What is the ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills?
• An emergency contraceptive method used after sexual
intercourse to prevent
pregnancy.
• Is most effective when used within 12 hours of
unprotected intercourse or
contraceptive accident.
• ECP can be used up to 72 hours or three days after
unprotected sex.
• ECP only works if a woman is not already pregnant.
• Interferes with egg development.
• Prevents or delays ovulation.
• Inhibits fertilization.
Advantages of ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills
• Only method of contraception used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected
sex.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after male condom slipped, broke, or
leaked.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman’s diaphragm or cervical
cap was inserted incorrectly, removed too early, or found to be torn.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy after a woman has missed one or
more of
oral contraceptives.
• Only method used to prevent pregnancy when a female condom was inserted
or
removed incorrectly.
• Method may be obtained ahead of time from a family planning clinician to be
used when needed. Plan B, a brand name for ECP, is also available at a
pharmacy.
Women and men who are 18 or older can now purchase Plan B over the counter
with proof of age. In most states, including Pennsylvania, women 17 or under
will
still need a prescription from a clinician for Plan B or other ECP methods.
Disadvantages of ECP or Emergency Contraceptive Pills
• Does not work if already pregnant.
• Limited time frame (ECP must be used within 72 hours or three days
after
unprotected sex).
• Is not an ongoing method of contraception.
• Nausea occurs in 23% to 50 % of women who use this method
(medications to
prevent nausea are available).
• Vomiting occurs in 5 to 25% of women who use this method (medications
to
prevent vomiting are available).
• Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy may be a possible result.
• ECP changes the amount, duration, and timing of the next menstrual
period in
about 10 to 15% of women treated.
• There is still a chance of pregnancy. If menstrual cycle does not start in 7
days,
consider pregnancy and contact your family planning clinician.
• Does not provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
Intrauterine device (IUD): The IUD or Copper T as it is
commonly known is a very convenient, safe and
reversible method of family planning which does not
require a daily routine. It is a small device made of metal,
copper or plastic that is inserted into the uterus of a
woman of reproductive age, for as long as she does not
want a pregnancy. Normally once it is inserted, it stays in
place for 5 to 10 years and inhibits the entry of sperms
into the inner recesses of the vagina and also prevents
fertilization. It is the most popular and widely used female
contraceptive method . The IUD should be inserted and
removed (when pregnancy is desired) by a qualified
medical practitioner, to avoid complications.
Sterilization: refers to permanent
contraception by surgical procedures, to
avoid future pregnancies. It is a method of
birth control suited for couples who do not
want to have any more children or couples
who don't want to have even a single
child. Vasectomy is the procedure for men
and tubectomy or tubal ligation for women.
It is by far the safest and most effective
method of pregnancy control, though
irreversible. Sterilizing is done
permanently and is a full proof method.
FO R M U LA T E T H E
H Y P O T H E S IS

Characteristic: 
A. Present Age(In year) check your answer C. Occupation
 20-25  Housewife
 26-30  Business
 31-35  Drivers
 36-40  Government servant
 40 Above
B. Level of Education
 Others
 Illiterate 
 Matrix D. Income
 Undergraduate  100 per day
 Graduate  250 per day
 Post graduate  300 per day
 Occupation  Minimum a day
Above minimum



 Other
 N/A



2. Knowledge of various family planning methods

 Abstinence
 Withdrawal
 Condoms
 Birth control and Emergency Pills
 Intra Urine Device (IUD)
 Sterilization
3. Use of Family Planning Method

 Satisfaction
 Like to change
 Non preference of other methods
 4. Sources of family planning

 Friends
 Neighbors
 Relatives
 Mass media
 Health center
 Self
 None



5. Awareness of contraceptive methods

7. Decision toward contraceptive methods
• Advice to use contraceptive I.

methods • economics reasons

• Not advice to use contraceptive • motivations
methods • incentives
• Aware of contraceptive methods • Small family norm
• Not aware of contraceptive II.

methods • Help from DOH/ Government

• Aware of incentives • Satisfied with private treatment
• Use of traditional method III.

• Prefer modern method
6. Attitude towards family planning

• Prefer traditional method
• Approve IV.

• Disapprove • Positive view of commercials

• Don’t know • Negative view of commercials




 8. Attitude towards abortion

Situation: APPROVE |


a. If a baby is likely to

DISAPPROVE

be deform or mentally
defective
b. Couple cannot afford

another child
c. The woman has been

raped
d. If any conception

method has failed

9. Reproductive Problems
1. Do you suffer from any type of reproductive problems?
a. YES
b. NO

2. Do you intend to use a method to delay/ avoid pregnancy

at any given time in future?
a. YES
b. NO
REVIEW RELATED
LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
 This chapter presents some literatures and studies that
are useful in the construction of the research framework
and in drawing inferences of this study.
Physical Aspect
Copper-bearing IUDs increase blood flow volumes by
20% to 50% above levels before IUD insertion. Increased
menstrual bleeding, often with pain, is the problem that
women most often report while using copper-bearing IUD.
Many women who have these complaints keep their IUDs
nonetheless. Overall rates of removal because of bleeding
and pain at 12 months of use range from 1 to 17 per 100
women in major clinical trials .
Psychological Aspect
WHO recommends that women use levonorgestrel-only
ECPs(EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS) because
they cause less nausea and vomiting than combined
estrogen-levonorgestrel ECPs. Nausea and vomiting are
common side effects associated with ECP use. WHO does
not recommend routine use of anti-emetics before taking
ECPs. Predicting which women will experience side effects
usually is difficulty and many women taking ECP do not
experience nausea and vomiting. Expert working group
advises that clinicians offer anti emetics on a case by case
basis according to their medical judgment. Clinicians
should take should take account that anti emetics
themselves may cause other side effects, such as
drowsiness and dizziness (2003).
 Emotional Aspect
Hormonal methods appropriate for women with
depression. A single study reported that taking fluoxetine for
depression did not reduce the effectiveness of combined or
progestin-only oral contraceptives. Conclusion cannot be
reached concerning postpartum depression or bipolar
disorder because current evidence is in adequate .
Family Planning Methods
Family planning users and providers have been calling for
more choices. They want contraceptive methods that provide
highly effective protection and at the same time causes fewer
side effects, cost less and are easier to use. In response,
researchers are improving existing contraceptives and
developing new ways to deliver hormones. Offering wide
range of safe, effective and convenient family planning
methods encourage more people to use contraception.
 Natural and Artificial Method
Virtually all married women know about and many are
using family planning. 98% also know of a place offering
family planning services. 25% are currently using family
planning. Female sterilization relied on by 13% of
married women is the most widely used method.
Withdrawal and natural family planning are used by 13%
of married women (Philippine National
Statistic Office 2003)
Related Studies

 Physical
 A study was made by David, et al (2001),
entitled “Family Planning: Its Economic and
Psychosocial Influences on the Lives of Women
in Western Visayas”. The main concern of this
study was rapid population growth of and
inadequate maternal and child rearing. The
study wants to improve the family planning
program, including an effort to provide
integrated reproductive health. Special
attention needs to be given to helping women
deal with side effects such as both physically,
psychologically and emotional discomfort.

 Psychological


 Dorado, et, al (2006) on their study entitled “Survey of Family Planning

Methods Preferred by Couples In Selected in Barangay Sto. Angel, San Pablo
City”, in terms of awareness and responsibility of each person in the
community, duly authorized personnel affect the couples regarding what
natural or artificial methods they will use, also to determine if the method
selected meets the safety of the patient, suitable to patient’s life style and
compatible to patient’s religion or moral convictions. Their study wants to know
the advantages and disadvantages of the natural and artificial protective use
by the respondents. Specifically, what are the assurance of couple regarding
the accuracy of method contraception chosen in terms of desired birth spacing
and prevention of unwanted pregnancy.


 Emotional
 Study was based on Daughtry, et al (2002) entitled “Marital Satisfaction
and Family Planning Practices“. The specific objectives of his study is just to
describe and compared natural and artificial family planning couples on the
following dimensions: overall relationship satisfaction measured by the
Dynamic Adjustment Scale; communication
 effectiveness measured by the Marital Communication Inventory;
satisfaction with their chosen method of family planning measured by the
family planning
 questionnaire.

 Family Planning Methods
 The National Statistic Office (2003), made
a study entitled “Use Of Modern Family
Planning Methods Up In Rural Areas”, the study
aims to collect data on fertility levels; fertility
preferences; marriage and sexual activities;
knowledge and use of family planning
methods, breastfeeding practices; childhood
mortality; and, maternal and child health. The
study also included questions that seek to
determine the level of awareness and behavior
of the respondents on AIDS and other sexually
transmitted infections as well as their
knowledge, attitude and health-seeking
behavior on tube .

 FOREIGN
LITERATURE
 The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology 2007 : Volume 1 Number 1
John Mao Ph.D.

Citation: J. Mao : Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning: A Study of

Tezu Village, Manipur (India) . The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology.

2007 Volume 1 Number 1
 The Government of India launched a family welfare programme, whose
main objective is to spread the knowledge of family planning method and
develop among the people and attitude favorable for adoption of contraceptive
method.
Several KAP studies have been conducted. The present study was conducted in
Tezu Village which is at a distance of 10 km from Imphal City. The present paper
is an effort to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning
(KAP) among the Meitei women of Manipur (India).
The findings show that the maximum educational level of the respondents is
Matric. Since agriculture is the primary occupation they are farmers which
accounts for 50 per cent. Their income ranges between Re.2000-3000. 48 per
cent of the respondents had the knowledge of tubectomy. As for the family
planning method they are using 60 per cent are satisfied. 44 per cent of the
respondents say that it is through friends they come to know about the different
contraceptive methods. The percentage is high regarding the attitudes towards
approval of abortion. 56 per cent of the respondents agrees to use a method to
delay/avoid pregnancy.



DEVELOP
A
RESEARCH
DESIGN
 We made our own questionnaire for our Research Paper survey. But
we don’t have enough time to think of appropriate questions for our survey about
family planning. So our team decided to search question from the Internet. When
were done making the survey questionnaire the team set a date and place to
conduct the survey.
We conducted a house to house survey at Southville Poblacion
Muntinlupa City area. During our first day we felt mixed feelings of nervousness
and excitement thinking, what if the people would not interact with us. Contrary to
what we thought people are very cooperative. We encounter different reactions
like some recipients asked us to explained the questionnaire to them and they
answered it. Others answered the questionnaire by themselves. We finished our
survey without struggles, And we really enjoy it.
COLLECT DATA
ANALYZE The DATA
 We conducted a survey about family planning in
Southville Poblacion Muntinlupa. From 30 people whose
ages range from 20 to 40 above years old. The distribution
of the ages are as follows: 20-25 (10%), 26-30 (20%), 31-
35(23.33%), 36-40(10%) and 40 above (36.7%). The topic
include the Characteristic, Knowledge of various family
planning, Awareness of contraceptive methods, Sources of
family planning, Decision towards contraceptive methods,
Attitude towards family planning, Attitude towards abortion
and the reproductive problems and the results shown in
charts below:
CHARACTERISTIC
DECISSION TOWARD CONTRACEPTIVE
METHODS
SITUATION: ATTITUDE TOWARDS
ABORTION
A.IF A BABY IS LIKELY TO BE DEFORM OR
MENTALLY DEFECTIVE.
B.COUPLE CANNOT AFFORD ANOTHER CHILD.

C.THE WOMAN HAS BEEN RAPED.

D.IF ANY CONCEPTION METHOD HAS FAILED


DRAW
A
CONCLUSION
The current age of the respondents is
between 20-40 above years. Most of the
respondents’ occupation is housewives'
(70%). The maximum level of education
they had achieved is undergraduate
(50%). There are few respondents who
had done graduate and postgraduate
courses. The highest percentage of the
respondents’ income are in the range of
other(26.7%) or higher in minimum
income.
The study reveals good knowledge and favoural attitude towards family
planning. The knowledge of family planning is widespread among the
respondents and is aware of least one method of contraception. Birth control
and emergency pills is more popular among the women. The respondents are
satisfied with the family planning method with 63%. Relatives and health
center is the respondents has come to know about the family planning
method. The respondents’ attitude towards abortion in situation like rape,
deformity/mentally of a child, cannot afford another child etc. most of all
disapprove. Factors which influence family planning is for economic reasons
(37%), small family norm (57.1%), incentives (3.6%) and motivated (3.6%).
The respondents are in favor of help from DOH/Govt. , prefer family modern
method and positive view of commercials. Most of the respondents do not
have any reproductive problems.