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   PRESENTED BY:

V.BALA NACHIAPPAN 07R21A0465

K.PRANAV REDDY 07R21A0487

A.VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY 07R21A04B8



 

    

‡ Embedded systems are designed to do some specific


task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for
multiple tasks.

‡ The software written for embedded systems is often


called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory rather
than a disk drive.

‡ It often runs with limited computer hardware resources:


small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.
‡ An embedded system is a combination of computer
circuitry and software that is built into a product for
purposes such as control, monitoring and
communication without human intervention.

‡ Embedded systems are at the core of every modern


electronic product, ranging from toys to medical
equipment to aircraft control systems.

‡ In this project, we are going to make a prototype of an


Automatic Cab Signaling System for Rail Engines by
using microcontroller.
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Ô It consists of :

‰ Power Supply
‰ Micro Controller IC 89C51
‰ An Encoder and Decoder
‰ LCD Display Unit
‰ LED ( Different Colors)
‰ Switch
‰ RF Transmitter and Receiver Modules
‰ Alarm ( Buzzer)
  

‡ Power Supply plays a major role in any project.

‡ It is easy and simple, either to built or learn.

‡ It consists of four important components :


- A transformer which is of step down type
- A rectifier bridge
- An electrolytic capacitor and
- The voltage regulator
‡ For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown
below:

‡ Fig : Functional Block Diagram of Power supply



 
‡ The major Features of 8-bit Micro controller
ATMEL 89C51:
‰ 8 Bit CPU , optimized for control applications
‰ On - Chip Flash Program Memory
‰ On - Chip Data RAM
‰ Bi-directional and Individually Addressable
I/O Lines
‰ Multiple 16-Bit Timer/Counters
‰ Full Duplex UART
‰ On - Chip Oscillator and Clock circuitry.
‰ On - Chip EEPROM
Encoder
‡ An  is a device, circuit that converts information
from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed, secrecy, security.

‡ A simple encoder assigns a binary code to an active


input line.

‡ In Telecommunications, An Encoder is used to change a


signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a code.

‡ The Parallel Data is Converted to Serial Data using the


encoder and is given to the RF Module for Transmission.
Decoder
‡ A  is a device which does the reverse of an
encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original
information can be retrieved.

‡ The same method used to encode is usually just


reversed in order to decode.

‡ The decoder checks the matching of the default address


set at the encoder.

‡ The serial data will be converted into parallel data and


given to the micro controller for processing.
RF Transmitter and Receiver
‡ The Radio Frequency ( RF ) transmitter is an electronic
device which, usually with the help of an antenna,
propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio,
television, or other telecommunications.

‡ The RF Receiver is also an electronic device which, with


the help of an antenna, Receives an EM Signal and can
be used in various applications.

‡ Both the RF Tx and Rx Modules are used in our project


for Transmission and Reception of Serial Data .
Alarm ( Buzzer)
‡ An þ þ' gives an audible or visual warning about a
problem or condition.

‡ We give an Audible warning using a Buzzer, which is


placed in the Rail engine¶s Cab and Hence, it Alerts the
driver about the signal status.

‡ The visual warning is given using the Liquid Crystal


Display ( LCD ), which indicates the signal status
Visually.
Working
‡ The Train will be sensed by the IR Sensors and
the Information is fed into the Microcontroller

‡ If the signal is Alerted as   (default condition)


and the Train is nearing that particular
signal, then the Microcontroller will send a digital
alert signal, which will be encoded and
transmitted using RF Technology
‡ This will be received by the RF Receiver section
kept in the Engine Cab of the train and Then,
LCD will display this Alert and The Alarm will
start Ringing for a Specific period of time
Microcontroller
RF Tx

Tx Alert
Signal

Train Approaching
the signal

Microcontroller
LCD : RF Rx
RED Signal ON,
to stop
Rx Alert
Signal
Alarm
Ringing
‡ If the Signal is Changed to m  ( we use a
switch here, to do this ) and the train is also
sensed using IR Sensor and is found to be
approaching the signal, then no alert will be
given and the train can continue to go, without
stopping in the signal
Microcontroller
RF Tx

Tx Alert
Signal

Train Approaching
the signal

Microcontroller
LCD : RF Rx
Green Signal ON,
Can go
Rx Alert
Signal
No Alarm

 

‡ The project ³ Automatic Cab Signaling System for Rail


Engines ´, is going to be developed by integrating
all the hardware components mentioned.

‡ Presence of every module has been reasoned out and


placed carefully, thus, they Might be contributing to the best
working of the unit.
 

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