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 Contents

 What is BCI?
 History
 Working
 Structure of BCI
 BCI approaches
 Invasive BCI
 Non-Invasive BCI
 EEG technology
 BCI Applications
 Innovators
 Drawbacks
 Conclusion
 References

1
 What Is A BCI?

A h

 


 (BCI), sometimes called
a  



 or
a h



, is
a direct communication pathway
between a brain and an external
device. BCIs are often aimed at
assisting, augmenting or repairing
human cognitive or sensory-motor
functions.

2
 History Of BCI

 1924: Hans Berger discovers the EEG

-- Analysed the interrelation of EEG & brain
diseases.
 1970: First developments to use brain waves as input
 ARPA(Advanced Research Project Agency)
--First step in the right direction.
 Research on BCIs began at the University of
California Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from
the National Science Foundation, followed by a
contract from DARPA.

3
Working Of BCI

4
 Structure Of A BCI

Brain Signal Signal Pre- Signal Computer

Acquisition Processing Classification Interaction

Applications:
Feedback Spelling
Devices
Wheel Chair
etc

5
 BCI Approaches

BCI
Approach

Partially- Non-
Invasive
Invasive Invasive
BCI
BCI BCI

6
 Invasive BCI

 Invasive BCI Devices are those

implanted directly into the grey
matter of the brain itself.

 This allows for direct reception of

electric signals where the
appropriate signals are generated.

 It requires invasive surgery to

implant the electrodes, and devices
left in the brain long-term tend to
cause the formation of scar tissue in
the grey matter. This scar tissue
ultimately blocks signals.
7
 Partially Invasive BCI

 Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside

the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within
the grey matter.
 Signal strength is a bit weaker.
 It has less risk of scar tissue formation.

8
 Non-Invasive BCI

 The easiest and least invasive

method is a set of electrodes
attached to the scalp.

 However, the skull blocks a lot of

the electrical signal.

 Popular devices-
a. EEG
b. MEG & MRI

9
 EEG Technology

 ¢ (EEG) is a method used in measuring the

electrical activity of the brain.

 Most widely used BCI device.

 The basic frequency of the EEG range is classified into 5 bands for
purposes of EEG analysis called brain rhythms/waves.
1. Delta
2. Theta
3. Alpha
4. Beta
5. Gamma

10
 Brain Waves
Ú
     



Delta 0.5-4 occur during sleep, coma

Theta 4-8 correlated with emotional

stress
(frustration &
disappointment)

Alpha 8-13 reduce amplitude with

sensory stimulation or



 

Beta 13-22 can increase amplitude

during intense 







11
 BCI Applications

This Image shows Robotic Hand

using BCI technology

12
 BCI Applications

This Image Shows Artificial

Eye by using BCI technology

13
 BCI Applications

This Image Shows BCI Device

which is used for playing
Games by Brain

Honda¶s Brain Machine

interface controlling robots by
thoughts.

14
 Innovators

 Philip Kennedy founded ›

 in 1987 to develop BCIs

that would allow paralyzed patients to communicate with the
outside world and control external devices.

 ›  has researched a similar system, although it

reads electric signals from the nerves in the mouth and throat area,
rather than directly from the brain.

 John Donoghue and fellow researchers founded h 

 is
marketing the Ú


, a neural interface system that allows
disabled people to control a wheelchair, robotic prosthesis or
computer cursor .

 Japanese researchers have developed a preliminary BCI that allows

the user to control their avatar in the online world ! .

15
 Drawbacks

 The brain is incredibly complex.

 The signal is weak and prone to interference i.e. EEGs

measure tiny voltage potentials.

 The equipment is less than portable.

16
 Conclusion

 With adequate recognition and effective engagement

of these issues, BCI systems could provide an
important new communication and control option
for those with motor disabilities.

 We can say as detection techniques and experimental

designs improve, the BCI will improve as well and
would provide wealth alternatives for individuals to
interact with their environment.

17
 References

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain±
computer_interface
 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-
computer-interface.htm
 "Toward direct brain-computer
communication". þ$
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& : 157±80.
 "Brain-machine interfaces: past, present and
future.".  "

$""  (9): 536±46.

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