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 sill
laccolith

dyke

batholith

Intrusive rocks tend to be coarse grained, since the magma cools slowly and has
sufficient time to form large crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks cool rapidly at the
earth͛s surface, producing fine grained or glassy rocks. Basalt is fine grained
because it cools very rapidly, whereas gabbro and granite are coarse grained
because they have cooled slowly.
°Batholiths: ¦argest mass of magma crumbling in the
crust. An example is the Stone Mountain of Georgia.
°Ôills Sheets of magma intruded onto bedding planes
of sedimentary rocks.
°
s Wall like features formed when magma cuts
across several bedding planes.
°Gips The stems of volcanoes.
°¦accoliths Dome shaped layers of magma formed
when magma encounters rock more resistant at its sides
than its centre.
°¦opoliths Bowl shaped layers of magma formed when
magma encounters rock more resistant at its centre
than its sides
Hadrian͛s Wall built on the
Great Whin Sill ʹ natural
defensive site with scarp
(steep ) slope facing Scotland
and easy access dip slope on
the English side

http homepage.usask.ca
mjr347 prog geoe118 geoe118.012.html

High Force waterfall is The 0hin Ôill is a tabular layer of igneous rock, or sill, in County
exists because the Durham and Northumberland, in the northeast of England. It lies
hard rock outcrop of partly in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
the Great Whin Sill and partly in Northumberland National Park. It is said that the
best place to see the Whin Sill is High Force, but good views are
cuts across the
also available around Housesteads, the site of a Roman auxiliary
course of the River fort. Formed of dolerite (a basaltic rock) 295 million years ago
Tees
 Offa͛s Dyke, North Wales

Basaltic dyke ʹ Isle of Man

Characteristics & formation of Granite
granite is formed by magmatic intrusion
into the earth's crust (forming for example
a batholith - e.g. Dartmoor Isle of Arran)
Due to slow cooling, associated with the
depth pressure inside the earth's crust,
large crystals of Quartz, Mica and Feldspar
form;
Granite is a resistant and impermeable
rock, but areas with excessive jointing are
less resistant and permeable (granite is
often characterised by both horizontal and
vertical joints) Hound Tor, Dartmoor
As the granite cooled and contracted,
vertical joints formed;
¦ater denudation of the overlying layer of http en.wikipedia.org wiki Dartmoor
rocks led to pressure release, allow re- Basic geology link
expansion of the granite and resulting in
the further creation of horizontal and
vertical joints.
It is these joints that make granite
susceptible to weathering processes.
http cgz.e2bn.net e2bn leas c99 schools cgz communities Ge
ography AS%20Geography AS%20Revision Earth%20Systems%20
Revision Weathering%20and%20Granite%20¦andscapes
Edinburgh
1. Salisbury Crag - an
ancient sill
2. Arthur͛s Seat -
core of the volcano
3. Castle Hill - a
volcanic plug, once
the vent of a
parasitic cone
Willow Mountain, on the east side of State Highway 118 three miles north-
northeast of Study Butte in southwestern Brewster County and on the way to
Terlingua Ghost Town, is a rhyolitic laccolith formed about 40 million years ago in
the "aftermath" of the ¦aramide Orogeny.
http magmacumlaude.blogspot.com 2008_01_01_archive.html
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45
 What do you notice?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of

living in this region?
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In the diagram below you can see that the continental crust is beginning to separate creating a 2ivin plate boundary. When a
divergence occurs within a continent it is called rifting. A plume of hot magma rises from deep within the mantle pushing up the crust
and causing pressure forcing the continent to break and separate. ¦ava flows and earthquakes would be seen. In the diagram below you
can see that the continental crust is beginning to separate creating a 2ivin plate boundary. When a divergence occurs within a
continent it is called rifting. A plume of hot magma rises from deep within the mantle pushing up the crust and causing pressure forcing
the continent to break and separate. ¦ava flows and earthquakes would be seen

This is an example of a divergent plate boundary (where the plates move

away from each other). The Atlantic Ocean was created by this process.
The mid-Atlantic Ridge is an area where new sea floor is being created.

As the rift valley expands two continental plates have been

constructed from the original one. The molten rock continues to push
the crust apart creating new crust as it does.

As the rift valley expands, water collects forming a sea. The Mid-Atlantic
Ridge is now 2,000 metres above the adjacent sea floor, which is at a
depth of about 6,000 metres below sea level.

The sea floor continues to spread and the plates get bigger and
bigger. This process can be seen all over the world and produces
about 17 square kilometres of new plate every year.
|athqua
s
Earthquake A vibration of the Earth
caused by slippage along a fault.
H pocntocus): The exact
location of an earthquake (often far
below the surface).
|picnt The point on the Earth͛s
surface directly above the
Ôismic 0avs
Energy travels away from an earthquake͛s
focus in waves, both through the Earth
and along its surface. Different types of
seismic waves include
Ôuac wavs: Seismic waves that travel
along the Earth͛s surface.
Bo2 wavs: Seismic waves that travel
through the Earth͛s interior. There are two
types
hypocenter.
uGuBody
oshoc
s: Small earthquakes that
may precede a major earthquake.
uuBody
Atshoc
s: Earthquakes that
commonly occur u
uu
u

u, they may be nearly as
strong as the initial shock
Gu
waves that compress and expand
rock in the direction the waves travel
(like a slinky).
u
waves that shake material at right
angles to the direction the waves
travel (like shaking a rope). Solid rock
transmits S waves, but gases and
liquids do not.
aults
Fault A fracture in the Earth͛s
crust caused by stress. There are
several different types of faults

Normal fault A fault in which the

hanging wall (the block of crust
above the fault) moves down
relative to the footwall (the block
of crust below the fault) as a
result of extension.

Reverse fault A fault in which the

hanging wall moves up relative to
the footwall as a result of
compression.

Strike-slip fault A fault in which

two blocks of crust slide past
each other on the same plane.
The San Andreas Fault is a strike-
slip fault.
0 

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