MONITOR MODEL

STEPHEN KRASHEN
MONITOR MODEL
Key role in explaining second language learning since
1970
Attempts to cover most of the factors in L2
acquisition
( age, personality traits, classroom instruction, innate
mechanisms of language acquisition, input and
environmental influences
Five central hypotheses
1. Acquisition-learning hypothesis
ACQUISITION LEARNING

-Subconscious processing -Conscious learning

-Focuses on -Focuses on formal
communication instruction
-Grammatical rules
Five central hypotheses
2. Monitor Hypothesis

Learned competence vs. Acquired competence

Acquired competence> is responsible for the fluent

production of sentence

Learned competence> acts as a monitor or editor

Five central hypotheses
3. Natural Order Hypothesis

 Grammatical structures are learned in predictable

order

4. Input Hypothesis
 Explains how the learners acquires language
 The learner improves when he/she receives L2 input
Five central hypotheses
5. Affective Filter

 Facilitates role in SLA

A. Motivation
B. Self-confidence
C. Good self-image
D. Low-level of anxiety
CRITIQUES
1. It lacks scientific rigour.
2. Downplaying the importance of language output and
grammar instruction.
IMPLICATIONS
1. Teachers should make their classroom instruction
comprehensible, not only will they learn the subject
content but they will be acquiring English at the
same time
2. Make the classroom environment conducive to
learning by avoiding a high affective filter .
THE END