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LE LE
T1 T2 T3
time Audio Signal
T4 T5 T6 T7
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude T1 T2 T3
time
Modulated (PAM) T4 T5 T6 T7
signal
8000 8
samples x bits per = 64kbit/s
per sec sample
5. 397200
397200kbit/s
kbit/s 564992
564992kbit/s
kbit/s
x4 x4
4. 97728
97728kbit/s
kbit/s 274176
274176kbit/s
kbit/s 139264
139264kbit/s
kbit/s
x3
x3 x6 x4
3. 32064
32064kbit/s 44736
kbit/s 44736kbit/s
kbit/s 34368
34368kbit/s
kbit/s
x4
x5 x7
6312 8448
8448kbit/s
6312kbit/s
kbit/s kbit/s
2. order
x4 x3 x4
1544
1544kbit/s
kbit/s 2048
2048kbit/s
kbit/s
primary rate
x 24 x 30/31
64
64kbit/s
kbit/s
1
64 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
Data Signals 30 1
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
DSMX 1
64k/2
1
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
0.3 to 3.1 kHz 1
30
AF signals
PCMX 30
1
15 kHz
Sound Program 5
DSMX
4
Signals 34/140
PCMX 30 4
DSMX
8/34
DSMX Channel Capacity:
64
30
2/8 64 x 30 = 1920
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...)
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:
sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204
A: Alarm Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N S: Stuffing Bit
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
10 2 372 4 380 4 380 4 4 376
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
LOS
LOF AIS
AIS PDH
Equipment
D-Bit
main
OLTU OLTU OLTU OLTU
stand-by
34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140
8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
Switch STM-1
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
DSC
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer 2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
DXC : Digital Cross Connect 34Mbit/s
TM : Terminal Multiplexer 140Mbit/s
DSC: Digital Switching Center STM-1
LAN: Local Area Network STM-4
Multiplex
Section
Regenerator
Sections VC-2
VC-12 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-1
SMX
SMX
Reg
VC-2 VC-4 VC-4 VC-2
VC-1 VC-3 VC-3 VC-1
STM-n STM-n
RSOH RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
DEMUX
PDH PDH
DEMUX
MUX /
MUX /
Reg.
MSOH
1
RSOH AU-4
3
4 AU Pointer
5 VC-4
MSOH
VC-4 POH
C-4
9
STM-1 #3 33333
44444
STM-1 #4
B1 B1
B2 B2
SOH termination New SOH
The STM-4/16/64 bit rate is obtained as integer multiples of the STM-1 tributary bit rate.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on the
STM-n output signal.
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1 D2 D3 X
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D5
D7 D8 D9
D D D
10 11 12
S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
DEMUX
PDH DEMUX
PDH
MUX /
MUX /
Reg.
back-up line
clock clock
clock
Parity Bytes B2 B2
B1 B1 B1
B3
Comm.
Channels
F2 E2, D4 ... D12 E1, F1, D1 ... D3
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X VC-3/4 POH
D1 D2 D3 J1
AU - PTR H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 B3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
C2
D4 D5 D6
G1
D7 D8 D9 VC-11/12/ 2 POH
F2
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X H4 V5
F3 J2
K3 N2
Media dependent bytes
N1 K4
X Reserved for national use
P O H
MSOH
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and Payload
Container
Container C4
Path Overhead
Virtual
Virtual Container
Container VC-4
Pointer
Administrative
Administrative Unit
Unit AU-4
Section Overhead
Synchronous
Synchronous Transport
Transport Module
Module STM-1
AU-Pointer
VC-4
1 TU-
PTR
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12
POH
J1
C4 payload
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
RSOH
H1 H2 H3 Start of VC-4
Actual pointer
MSOH
125µs
RSOH
Pointer with
inverted D bits H1 H2 H3
MSOH
250µs
RSOH
H1 H2 negative justification byte (data)
MSOH
375µs
New pointer RSOH
H1 H2 H3
MSOH
500µs
frame n-1
frame n AU-Pointer
frame n+1
AU-Pointer
9 261
RSOH
AU Pointer 260
J1
B3
MSOH C2
G1 20 x 13 bytes per row
F2
H4 C-4
Z3 140 Mbit/s
K3
Z5
J1 W 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I
X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I
9 261
RSOH
AU Pointer 260
J1
H1 H1 H1
B3
MSOH C2
H2 H2 H2
J1 VC-3 #3
G1 H3 H3 H3 B3 J1 VC-3 #2
F2 C2 B3 J1 VC-3 #1
H4 G1 C2 B3
Z3 fixed stuffing F2 G1 C2
K3 H4 F2 G1
Z5 Z3 H4 F2
C3
VC-4 POH
K3 Z3 H4 C-3
Z5 K3 Z3 34 Mbit/s
Z5 K3
Z5
VC-3 POH
84
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
Tu pointer
VC-12
RSOH J1
B3
S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
C2
AU-4 Pointer
G1
F2
H4
MSOH Z3
K3
Z5 A B C A B C A A B C
S T U F F I N G
P
I 1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
S T U F F I N G
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 E3 F3 G3
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 frame
#1 #3 #1 #3 #1 #3
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
J1
B3
MSOH
Fixed Stuff
C2
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
G1
F2 C-4-4c
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes
The first Pointer indicates J1
All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
ATM Cell
?
VC4
4x VC4
VC4 150 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
J1 J1 J1 J1
B3 B3 B3 B3
MSOH C2 C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2 F2 C-4-4vc
H4 H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1 N1
Generation: VC-4-4vc
All Pointers are set to the same value 4 x 261 bytes
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's ATM Cell
Termination: VC-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the 4 x 261 bytes
(different) pointer values for alignment
ATM Cell
x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
STS-1 C-3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
x7
TUG-2 x1 TU-2 VC-2
VT C-2 DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
VT-6 VT-SPE
group
TU-12 VC-12
SDH ITU-T G.707 x3
VT-2 VT-SPE
C-12 E1: 2.048 kbit/s
x4
Terminal Multiplexer
SDH Repeater
Applications:
STM-n STM-n
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
ADM
WEST EAST
STM-1/4 STM-1/4
......
140 VC4
VC 4 140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s VC4 140
VC 3
34
VC 12 VC3
34 (45)Mbit/s VC3 34 (45)Mbit/s
VC12
VC11
2 (1.5)Mbit/s VC12 2 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
Switch STM-1 8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
Local Network
Local
Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber Mux
Access 64/2M
SSU SSU
Synchronization Supply Unit
Limits:
Internal 2 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s Oscillator
Data Signal Data Signal
± 4.6 ppm
Osc.
Synchronous
SDH Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
100000
10000
1000
100
10
0.01 1 100 10000 Observation interval [s]
Phys./Reg.
Sect.
LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRef
OOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of Frame
LOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of Frame
B1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP Errors
VT Path (VP)
TU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors UNEQ-V VP Unequipped
LP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.
LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.
LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
LP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.
B2:
RSOH - Covers the multiplex
AU-PTR sections (from network
Payload node to network node)
MSOH
B3:
RSOH - Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
Payload
Payload the end (tributary to
MSOH tributary)
BIP-8 B1
Receive Side
recalculation at Rx side
Comparison
with the Tx side value BIP-8 B1
801 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
BIP-24 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Abbreviations:
ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block
SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocks
or > 1 defect
BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring as
part of SES
UAS Unavailable Seconds:
Time
10 sec 10 sec
Unavailability < 10 Availability
detected sec detected
Unavailable Seconds
Unavailable Seconds
Time Line
1
UI
Bit Sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Actual Signal
(with Jitter
and Wander)
• Interference signals
• Pattern dependent jitter
• Phase noise
• Delay variation
• Stuffing and wait time jitter
• Mapping jitter
• Pointer jitter
Jitter
Signal Pattern HP LP and
Input
N f Wander
Clock 1 V Result
Evaluation
Jitter / UIpp
Jitter Time
Amplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Wander / UI
e nting
s t
Time variation against reference
r e pre Offse
pe cy
TIE max Slo quen
Fre
TIE min
Time
Observation Period
Start End
W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P
W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W 1 : N Protection scheme
W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P
W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W 1 : N Protection scheme
A B -> A A
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Fiber 2
F Tributary working
B
protection
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2
F Tributary working
B
protection
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2
working
F Tributary B protection
E Tributary C
Administrative functions:
Q Central Q
OS
Q
Q
Local
OS
Q
Q ECC
CC CC
Q ECC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Performance
Central X Central X
Faults
OS OS
Configuration
NE
Q3 Accounting
Manager Q3 Security
NE Local
Manager OS
STM-N
Q3
Q3
Q ECC Q ECC
ADM DXC STM-N STM-N DXC
ADM
ADM
Network
Element
Network MD: Conversion between different interfaces
NE Element (Information Conversion Function ICF:
NE manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)
QMonitor provides
– easy adaptation to the interface
QMonitor (autoconfiguration)
based on
DominoWAN – decoding of protocols and management
DominoLAN information
DA-30 – automatic detection of errors in management
Qecc Qecc information
– SDH/SONET Qecc access with transmission
analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)
Qecc
TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
10 TDM 40 80 Optical
GB/s GB/s networking
GB/S networking
10G
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2000: 100 x 10G 1 Tb/s
64kb/s: 121000 484000 2001: 400 x 10G 4 Tb/s
2004: 400 x 40G 16Tb/s
The Keepers of Communications
Driver - converging networks
IP is the Universal
Convergence Layer