Basic Transmission

System

Access Network Support 1

 Tropics

1. Transmission Network Topology

2. Radio Wave Propagation
3. Free Space Loss and Fade
Margin
4. PDH Hierarchy
5. Frequency Band and Channels
Spacing
6. Transmission HOP and
Protection
7. Transmission Antenna
8. Modulation Technique etc.

Access Network Support 2

 Transmission System

ILA OTM
Backbon OXC OTM
e OADM OADM
Network OADM OTM ILA

Metropolitan ADM
ADM REG
Network ADM ADM
ADM

ADM ADM
Access ADM TM
ADM
Network ADM
STM-1
PDH
End-user BTS
BTS V.28 SWS 1/0
SWS 1/0
BTS
Network
BTS V.11
BTS BTS
G.70
3

Access Network Support 3

 Chain Topology

This type of network is suitable for

long distant narrow transmission
system like along roads.

Advantage:
o Low concentration of equipment
at TX point.
o Frequency planning is easier.

Disadvantage:
o High capacity requires near TX
end
o One link failure affects all sites
after that link.
o Extended bandwidth

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

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 Star Topology

This type of topology is suitable

small surrounded network such as
city urban area.

Advantage:
o Independent link for BTS
o One link failure do not affect
many link.

Disadvantage:
o Require Clear LOS
o High concentration of equipment
at TX point.
o Difficult frequency planning.
o Require large space for antennas
mounting.

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

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 Tree Topology

This type of topology is suitable for

small or medium surrounded
network such as city urban area.

Advantage:
o Independent link for BTS
o Short hop distance and so
require small antenna system.
o Easy to find LOS
o Frequency reuses is easier.

Disadvantage:
o One link failure may affects many
link
o High concentration of equipment
at TX point.
1+1 hop for protection
1+1 protection may be
implemented for high capacity link.

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

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 Ring Topology

This type of topology is normally

used in metropolitan area where
high availability of network is
required.

Advantage:
o Traffic can be rerouted easily if
any link fails.
o Easy to monitor from
Management System.

Disadvantage:
o Every site must be connected
with it’s two neighbors sites.
o High bandwidth required.
o MUX equipment is required for
digital cross connection.

TX Point or BSC end

BTS End or Single Point

Access Network Support 7

Radio wave propagation

Refracted
Direct

Reflected

Propagation Technique

Free space propagation

Refraction
Reflection and scattering
Diffraction
Absorption

Access Network Support 8

 Power Level in a Fading free
condition

GTX GRX
Antenna Gain Antenna Gain

Power
Level

A = Free Space Loss

PTXOutputPower Gas Absorption
(Obstacle Loss)
PRXInputPower

BER Receiver Threshold

Distance

Access Network Support 9

 Free Space Loss

Basic Free space loss calculation

A [dB]= 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

Where d = distance in km
f = frequency in GHz

A = 92.4 + 20 log 30 + 20 log 15 = 145 dB

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 Fade Margin

Power
Level

A = Free Space Loss

PTXOutputPower Gas Absorption
(Obstacle Loss)
PRXInputPower

M = Fading margin

Receiver Threshold (BER=10-3 , BER=10-6 )

Distance

The performance of the system is affected by the path conditions

The fading margin is designed in order to overcome the loss aroused due
to fading condition.

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
(PDH)

• One frame thus contains one octet

of each of the carried channels.
• A frame is transmitted 8000 times
each second, yielding a
8* 32 * 8000 = 2 048 000 bps or
2.048 Mbps
• The corresponding T1 frame used in
USA contains 24 speech channels
with 8-bit coding and 1 framing bit.
{(8*24)+1}*8000=1544000 bps or
1.544 Mbps
A typical Plesiochronous Drop & • A multi-frame is a series of
consecutive frames (16 in Europe,
Insert 12 in USA).

Access Network Support 12

 PDH Standard
Japan
Europe North America

565Mb/s 400Mb/s
274Mb/s
×4 ×4
139Mb/s 100Mb/s
×6
×4 45Mb/s ×3
34Mb/s 32Mb/s

×4 ×7 ×5
8Mb/s 6.3Mb/s 6.3Mb/s

×4 ×4 ×4
2 Mb/s 1.5Mb/s 1.5Mb/s

NO Global Standard

Access Network Support 13

PDH Hierarchy (European Standard)
i) a = E1 = 2.048 Mbps
ii) b = E2 = 8.448 Mbps
iii) c = E3 = 34.368 Mbps
iv) d = E4 = 139.264 Mbps
Access Network Support
• The first PDH multiplex level is
E1, containing (as noted before,
30 channels and 2 control
channels), 2.048 Mbps.
• The second PDH multiplex level
is E2, containing four
E1multiplexes (120channels).
– The bit rate is 8.448 Mbps,
containing frames of 1056bits,
(4 *256 bits for the multiplexes
and 4 * 8 bits for justification
and frame alignment).
• The third PDH multiplex level,
E3 contains four E2 multiplexes
(called tributaries), yielding 480
channels.
• The fourth PDH multiplex level,
E4 contains four E3 multiplexes
(1920 channels).
14
 Limitations of PDH
140/34Mbit/s 34/140Mbit/s

electrical
Optical opticaelectrical
Optical

de multiplex

multiplex
signal
l

signal
/ 34/8Mbit/s DD 8/34Mbit/s
F /

optical
de multiplex

multiplex
de multiplex

multiplex
8/2Mbit/s 2/8Mbit/s

2Mbit/s

Lack of performance monitoring and

management
Less Flexibility
Weak O&M features ----> no Overheads

Access Network Support 15

 SDH Global Standard

PDH SDH
STM-1
North American
STM-4
European
STM-16
Japan
STM-64
Non Unified Unified
International International
Interface Interface

Access Network Support 16

 SDH Hierarchy
Level Speed (Mbps) Capacity (No of E1)

STM-1 155.520 63

STM-4 622.080 252

STM-16 2488.320 1008

STM-64 9953.280 4032

Access Network Support 17

 Frequency Sub-Band

TX 21952.00 MHz RX
TX frequency of one end must be
same of RX frequency of the other
end.

Duplex Distance:
23002.00 MHz
RX TX Frequency range between TX
and RX frequency

Channel Spacing:
Frequency range between two
adjacent channels

21.6 GHz 23.6 GHz

Frequency Band used by Grameen Phone

Duplex (1050 7GHz, 8GHz, 11GHz, 15GHz, 23GHz, 38GH

MHz)
Access Network Support 18
 Channel Spacing and Bandwidth

1.75 MHz 3.5 MHz

2x2 Mbit/s (3.5 MHz)

21952.00 MHz

3.5 MHz 7 MHz

4X2 Mbit/s (7 MHz)

21953.75 MHz

7 MHz 14 MHz
8X2 Mbit/s (14 MHz)
21957.25 MHz

14 MHz 28 MHz

16X2 Mbit/s (28 MHz)

21964.25 MHz

Access Network Support 19

 Transmission Hop

Terminals
Terminal consists of HOP = 2 Terminals (Tx+Rx)
Indoor Unit: Traffic Related
Outdoor Unit: Frequency Related
Coaxial cable/ Waveguide: Interconnection

Access Network Support 20

Hop Configuration

Unprotected terminal
1+0

Protected terminal
1+1

Access Network Support 21

 Protected System
Hot Stand-by and Space
Diversity

f1

f1

TX RX

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Protected System Cont….
Single Antenna system HSB or WSB

f1 or (f1+ f2)

Access Network Support 23

 Protected System Cont….

WSB and Frequency Diversity

f1
Alarm

f2

TX RX

No TX Switching, only RX switching

Access Network Support 24

Transmission Antenna

Large antenna
Low frequency

Advantage:
Long range
Interference
suppression
High Antenna Gain

Small antenna
High frequency
Advantage:
Less wind load
Less visibility
Lower cost for the
antenna
and the installation

Disadvantage:
Low gain
Vulnerable to
Access Network Support interference 25
Antenna Type (Performance)

With radom
”Standard”

Absorbing material
(high performance)
”High
performance”

Access Network Support 26

Modulation

PSK: Phase is changed in modulator

QAM: Phase and Amplitude both are changed.

Access Network Support 27

 Modulation Cont….
C-QPSK

• QPSK four phases 0, 90,180 and 270 degrees.

• Two symbols per bit can be transmitted. Each
symbol’s phase is compared relative to the
previous symbol.
• If there is no phase shift (0 degrees), the bits
“00” are represented. If there is a phase shift
of 180 degrees, the bits “11” are represented.

Modulation: Technique how intelligent signal is transmitted over carrier signal

Access Network Support 28

 Modulation Cont….
Comparison of Different Modulation Techniques

Access Network Support 29