STRESS ANALYSIS

M. Firdaus, MT

www.dauspoli.co.cc
 Strength of Materials
• Internal Force & Stress
If we want to check that span has allowable
strength, it is done is to compare of internal force
which there is on these span with strength of
materials by using the concept of stress :
Stress = intensity of force – internal force per
square
Stress obtained by distributing the force on the
cross-section of each unit element width divided
by the intensity (Daryanto, 2001)
 Internal Force
• Is the force that holds together with the same
point that forms rigid body.
• This Force obtained when we cut a structure,
 Then the intersection of the cross section will
arise kinds of force as follows :
1. Moments (M)
2. Shear Force (L)
3. Normal Force (N)

Normal Force Shear Force

4. Torsion
 Span With Normal Force
• A span is loaded axially by the normal force N,
the normal force N will be distributed to the
entire cross-section material.
• Dissemination / distribution of normal force
per unit area is called Normally Stress (σn)
Elements of force that predicted in the
field of structural
Internal force which there is :

• Axial P, the same direction of along span

• Shear force : Vx, Vy
• Moment : Mx, My
• Torsion : Mz
 Contoh
Torsion N = T = 56 kN = 56000 N
A = 20 mm x 20 mm = 400 mm2

Stress of torsion σt = 56000/ 400 = 140 N/mm2

If the span is made of steel St 37, based on the rule that

permission for the stress 160 N/mm2
means the span has enough power to carry the loads
without fracture
 Deformation
• In the object that receives the load, there will be
changes in the form of either form of extension,
shortening, and the bending deflection. Changes in
shape is called deformation
• Each object has individual strengths to resist
deformation that occurs in accordance with its
constituent materials. The strength of wood,
concrete and steel is differenses in restraining the
deformation / change form
• As a result of the resistance to deformation in the
material arising due to the emergence of tension and
stress, deformation is stopped. If the ability to resist
deformation is exceeded then the object will be
broken, this means that the streeses to exceed the
limits posed

• In the science of statics, any structure that receives

the load on the structure will produce a reaction and
internal force which acting on a cross section of the
structure depends on the type of structure
Deformation example :
 load effect on the behaviour of
material deformation
When a span is assigned a load and make it has change
of shape (deformation), deformation are :
a. Deformation is proportional to the increased within
the limits of a certain extent, the span will return the
initial condition if the load is removed is called elastic
deformation
b. Deformation occurs remain / permanent even
though the load has been removed is called plastic
deformation (Daryanto,1994)
 Elastic behavour
• The nature or behavior of a material is elastic if a form of
linear relationship (straight) between the internal force and
deformation of span and the deformation is lost if the load is
removed
• Changes in the shape of an object due to be given by force,
evidenced by the Britain scientist Robert Hook (1678) with
experimental tensile and yield Hooke experimental law
• From the comparative attractiveness of a prismatic steel span
could be concluded that within certain limits, the extension of
span is proportional to the tensile force
 Hooke Law :
P.Lo
 (mm, cm, m)
A.E
Dimana :
P : force which causes the span extension (kN)
Lo : length of beam cross section (cm)
A : cross sectional area of span
δ : total extension span (cm)
E : modullus of elasticity (kN/cm2)

The stress generated due to the tensile force P is :

  P A (kN / cm 2 )
Unit extension or tensile strain (extension of span per unit length) is : ε = δ/Lo

E 
So :

 Allowable Stress
• From mechanical properties of materials, can be known
proportional limit of the melting point and ultimate strength
of a material, it can set the stress that can be considered as
Safety stress or Allowable stress
• To retain the changes a civil engineering structures within the
limits that are allowed, usually the allowable stress must be
maintained well below the proportional limit
• In the steel structure, melting point is used as the basis for
calculating the stress test, because the yield stress to be many
changes in the form of a permanent
 where : σ = allowable stress
y σу = yield stress
 f = safety factor
f

Safety factor is depend on:

• Accuracy in which external forces are known
• Accuracy where the stresses in the structure can be determined
• Materials used for the structure
 Stress-strain Diagram
(tensile trength test)

Point A = proportional limit

Point B = elastic limit
Point C = yield point
Point D = ultimate strength / ultimate stress
Stress Limit (Allowable stress) = Higher stresses on
stress-strain diagram


Stress lim it 
 u
Safety factor f

atau
Yield Stress y
  f
Safety factor

Notes : Allowable stress must be under the

proportional limit so that Hookes law applies
 Contoh soal
An example of a standard steel 13 mm in diameter, when given
tensile strength 2950 kg with a length 200 mm diagonal
length by 0.22 mm. When the loading is known examples is in
the proportional limit, what is the modulus of elasticity of
steel? (In kg/cm2)

Conclusion :
P = 2950 kg
Lo = 200 mm = 20 cm
∆L = 0,22 mm = 0,022 cm
--------→
A  1 . .D 2  1 . .1,32
D = 13 mm = 1,3 cm
4 4
 1,3273 cm 2
 L 0,022
   1,1.10 3

Lo 20
P 2950 kg
   2222,557 2
A 1,3273 cm
 2222,557 kg
E   2020506 2
 1,1.10 3
cm
• Exam 1 :
a steel span is an element of the truss structure. These span
have axial tensile force of 11,25.103 kg. calculate the
extension that occurs due to the force if the span cross-
sectional area 60 mm2 and length at initial condition is 1.5 m
(E = 2.106 kg/cm2)

• Exam 2 :
a steel span has a length of 10 m have to capable resist
5000kg. Determine the minimum diameter steel span that
occur if an extension should not exceed 5 mm
(E = 2.106 kg/cm2)