Sampling

Presented to
Dr. Dibyojyoti Bhattacharjee Presented by
Nayana Paul Roll No. 05
Reader Dba-sms Jayjeet Choudhury Roll No. 11
Assam University Sujoy Kr. Paul Roll No. 03

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CENSUS INQUIRY
All items in any field of inquiry constitute a
Universe or Population. A complete
enumeration of all item in the population is
known as census inquiry . It can be presumed
that in such an inquiry when all item are
covered no element of chance is left and
highest accuracy is obtained .But in practice
this may not be true .

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• A sample is a finite part of a statistical population
whose properties are studied to gain information
about the whole . When dealing with people, it
can be defined as a set of respondents(people)
selected from a larger population for the purpose
of a survey.
• POPULATION

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 SAMPLING
• Sampling is that part of statistical practice
concerned with the selection of a subset of
individual observations within a population of
individuals intended to yield some knowledge
about the population of concern

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 Need for Sampling :
• Sampling can save time and money.
• Sampling may enable more accurate measurements
• Sampling remains the only way when population contains
infinitely many members
• Sampling remains the only choice when a test involves the
destruction of items under study.
• Sampling usually enables to estimate the sampling errors
and, thus , assist in obtaining information concerning some
characteristics of the population.

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• Sampling Unit: Sampling Unit are the
constituents of the population which are the
individuals to be sampled from the population
which cannot be further subdivided for the
purpose of sampling.

• Sampling Method: Sampling Method is

Manner or scheme through which the required
number of units are selected in the sample.

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 Sampling Frame
• A list containing all such sampling units is
known as Sampling frame. Thus sampling
frame consist of a list of items from which the
sample is to be drawn.

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• Sampling design : A sample design is a
definite plan for obtaining a sample from the
sampling. It refers to the technique or the
procedure the researcher would adopt in
selecting some sampling units from which
inferences about the population is drawn.
Sampling design is determined before any data
are collected……

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Sample design are basically of two types viz

1)Probability sample and

2)Nonprobability sample.

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 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Probability sampling is also known as

random sampling or chance sampling
.Under this sampling design every item of
the universe has an equal chance of
inclusion in the sample .It is, so to said, a
lottery method in which individual units are
picked up from the whole group not
deliberately but by some mechanical
process.
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 Types of Probability sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Two-Stage Sampling
• Double Sampling

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 Simple random sampling
• Simple random sample (SRS) is a special
case of a random sample. A sample is called
simple random sample if each unit of the
population has an equal chance of being
selected for the sample. Whenever a unit is
selected for the sample, the units of the
population are equally likely to be selected.

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 Stratified sampling
• Under stratified sampling the population is
divided into several sub-population that are
individually more homogeneous than the
total population (the different sub-
populations are called strata) and then we
select items from each stratum to constitute
a sample.

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 Systemetic sampling
In some instances the most practical way of
sampling is to select every item on a list
.Sampling of this type is known as systematic
sampling .An element of randomness is
introduced into this kind of sampling by using
random numbers to pick up the unit with
which to start.

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 Cluster sampling
In cluster sampling the total population is
divided into a number of relatively small
subdivisions which are themselves cluster of
still smaller units and then some of these
clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in
the overall sample. …

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 NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• It is that sampling procedure which does
not afford any basis for estimating the
probability that each item in the population
has of being included in the sample.IT is
also known by different names such as
Deliberate sampling, purposive sampling
and judgment sampling. In this type of
sampling the items for the sample are
selected deliberately by the researchers; his
choice concerning the items remain 17
I m bzy

Cnstl Prof. Nakamuka

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 Types of non-
probability
sampling
JUDGMENT
SAMPLING

CONVEN
SNOWB IENCE
ALL SAMPLIN
SAMPL G
ING.

Quota Sampling
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 Judgment sampling 
The researcher selects the sample
based on judgment. This is usually
and extension of convenience
sampling. For example, a researcher
may decide to draw the entire sample
from one "representative" city, even
though the population includes all
cities. When using this method, the
researcher must be confident that the
chosen sample is truly represent a
judgment collections attorn1tive of20
 Convenience sampling
Is used in exploratory research where the
researcher is interested in getting an
inexpensive approximation of the truth. As
the name implies, the sample is selected
because they are convenient. This
nonprobability method is often used during
preliminary research efforts to get a gross
estimate of the results, without incurring the
cost or time required to select a random
sample. 21
 Quota sampling
In quota sampling, the population is first
segmented into mutually exclusive sub-
groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then
judgment is used to select the subjects or units
from each segment based on a specified
proportion

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 Snowball sampling
Performing snowball
sampling calls for a
researcher to obtain
participants by word of
mouth as each participant
is asked to contact other
individuals who might be
willing to participate in the
study. As more participants
join the study, they are
asked to recommend others
and the sample grows such 23
that of a snowball.
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 Sampling error :
• Sample surveys do imply the study of a
small portion of the population and as such
there would naturally be a certain amount
of inaccuracy in the information collected.
This inaccuracy may be termed as sampling
error or error variance. In other words
sampling errors are those errors which arise
on account of sampling and they generally
happened to be random variations (in case
of random sampling) in the sample 25
 Errors in sample surveys

Survey results are typically subject to some error. Total errors can
be classified into sampling errors and non-sampling errors. The
term "error" here includes systematic biases as well as random
errors.

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 Sampling errors and biases
Sampling errors and biases are induced by the
sample design. They include:

1. Selection bias: When the true selection

probabilities differ from those assumed in
calculating the results.
2. Random sampling error: Random variation in the
results due to the elements in the sample being
selected at random.

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 Non-sampling error
Non-sampling errors are caused by other problems in data
collection and processing. They include:

1. Overcoverage: Inclusion of data from outside of the

population.
2. Undercoverage: Sampling frame does not include elements
in the population.
3. Measurement error: E.g. when respondents misunderstand
a question, or find it difficult to answer.
4. Processing error: Mistakes in data coding.
5. Non-response: Failure to obtain complete data from all
selected individuals.
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 conclusion
• The advantage of probability sampling is
that sampling error can be calculated.
Sampling error is the degree to which a
sample might differ from the population.
When inferring to the population, results
are reported plus or minus the sampling
error. In nonprobability sampling, the
degree to which the sample differs from
the population remains unknown.
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