L7

LASER
 LASER
• L ight
• A mplification by

• S timulated
• E mission of

• R adiation
Properties of laser
Monochromatic
Directionality
Coherence
 Incandescent vs. Laser Light

1. Many wavelengths 1. Monochromatic

2. Multidirectional 2. Directional
3. Incoherent 3. Coherent
BASIC PRINCIPLE NEEDED
FOR LASER
 Stimulated Absorption

• Energy is absorbed by an atom, the electrons are

excited into vacant energy shells.
 Spontaneous Emission

• The atom decays from level 2 to level 1 through the

emission of a photon with the energy hv. It is a
completely random process.
 Stimulated Emission

atoms in an upper energy level can be triggered or

stimulated in phase by an incoming photon of a specific
energy.
 Stimulated Emission
The stimulated photons have unique properties:

– In phase with the incident photon

– Same wavelength as the incident photon

– Travel in same direction as incident photon

WHY WE NEED META STABLE
STATE?
ANSWER IS
With having the metastable state above the
ground level. Atom reaches the meta stable
state (after first stimulated emission) can
remain there for longer time period. So the
number of atom increases in the meta stable
state. And when these atoms come back to the
original ground level it emits laser beam.
 POPULATION INVERSION
• A state of a medium where a higher-lying electronic level has
a higher population than a lower-lying level
 PUMPING
• The method particle of raising a particle from lower energy state
to higher energy state is called pumping.

• TYPES OF PUMPING :

1. Optical pumping

2. Electrical pumping

3. X-ray pumping

4. Chemical pumping
 LASER COMPONENTS
All lasers have 3 essential components:

• A lasing or "gain" medium

• A source of energy to excite electrons in the gain medium to high energy

states, referred to as "pump" energy

• An optical path which allows emitted photons to oscillate and interfere

constructively as energy is added or "pumped" into the system, ie, a

resonator
LASER ACTION
 Types of Laser
 
a.According to their sources:
1.Gas Lasers
2.Crystal Lasers
3.Semiconductors Lasers
4.Liquid Lasers
a.According to the nature of emission:
1.Continuous Wave
2.Pulsed Laser
a.According to their wavelength:
1.Visible Region
2.Infrared Region
3.Ultraviolet Region
4.Microwave Region
•X-Ray Region
d. According to different levels
1. 2-level laser
2. 3-level laser
3. 4-level laser
e. According to mode of pumping
1. optical
2. chemical
3. electric discharge
4. electrical
 2- Level Laser
E2 E2
hν hν

E1 E1
Absorption Spontaneous
   Emission

E2
hν hν hν

E1
Stimulated
Emission
 THREE STEP LASER
• Stimulated absorption
• Spontaneous emission to the meta
stable state
• Stimulated emission from meta
stable state to ground state.
E2

E2 – E1 E1

META STABLE
STATE
E1 – E0

E0
4-Level LASER
PRACTICAL LASERS
RUBY LASER

Construction
ENERGY LEVEL IN RUBY
LASER
Al2O3
4T
1 Cr+

2T
2
Energy

rapid decay
4T
2
2
E

LASING

A2
4
LASER ACTION IN RUBY
LASER
 HE-NE LASER
Construction
. 

Energy Level Diagram of He-Ne

Energy Level Diagram of He-Ne cont…
Combined Laser Action
Emission wavelengths of common
lasers
APPLICATION S OF LASER
 Not to be Taken Lightly
The Weighty Implications of Laser Technology

Medical
• Optical Surgery
• General Surgery
• Tattoo removal

Entertainment
• CD Players
Applications of • DVD Players
Laser • Video Game Systems
Technology Telecommunications
• Information tech.
• Holograms
• Satellites
Military
• Weapons
• Radar
Industry
04/13/11
 Can You See the Light?
Military and Space Airplanes are
aircraft are equipped equipped with Bad eyesight can be
with laser guns laser radar corrected by optical
surgery using lasers
Cd-Rom discs
are read by lasers Dentists use
laser drills

Tattoo removal is
done using lasers

Laser tech. is used in printers,

copiers, and scanners

DVD players read

DVD’s using lasers
Laser pointers can
enhance
CD-Audio is presentations Bar codes in Video game systems such as
read by a laser grocery stores are PlayStation 2 utilize lasers
04/13/11
scanned by lasers
 Einstein’s Coefficients
Einstein gives a probability that stimulated
emission is same as absorption.

Means that if a stimulated absorption can

occur then there is same probability that
stimulated emission can occur.
 Equilibrium condition
In case of energy states the number of electron
absorbed and emitted should be equal or the
rate of change of numbers of atoms in two
states should be equal.

dN
=0
dt
Planck’s Radiation Law

8πhν 3
1
E (ν ) = 3 hν
c
e kT
−1
Plank’s gives the formula that how
a gas radiate energy.
 Spontaneous emission
A21 :- correspond to spontaneous emission
probability per unit time

This particular emission can occur

without the presence of external field
E(v)
 Stimulated Absorption
B12 :- correspond to stimulated absorption
probability per unit time

This type of absorption can occur in

presence of external field E(v) only
 Stimulated Emission
B21 :- correspond to stimulated emission
probability per unit time

This type of emission can occur in presence of

external field E(v) only
 Total Emission Probability
Spontaneous Emission + Stimulated Emission

A21 + B21 E(v)

Number of atoms that can jump from level E2 to E1 is

[ A21 + B21E (ν ) ] N 2
Total Absorption Probability

[ B12 E (ν ) ] N1
 The rate of change of atoms in E2
It can be given by differentiation

dN 2
= Absorption − emission
dt(probability)

or
dN2
= [ B12E (ν ) N1 ] − [ A21 + B21E (ν ) ] N 2
dt
 At Equilibrium

dN 2
=0
dt
Then

B12 E (ν ) N1 = [ A21 + B 21E (ν ) ] N 2

Emission and absorption are same

A21 1
E (ν ) =
B21 N1  B12 
  − 1
N 2  B21 
Maxwell Bolzman Distribution
In thermal equilibrium
−E1
N1 =N 0e KT

−E2
N 2 =N 0e KT
 So the equations become
hν
N1
=e kT
N2
So equation becomes

A21 1
E (ν ) = hν
B21  B 
e kT  12
 − 1
 B21 
After comparing with Planks
Radiation Law
A21 πhν 3
= c3
B21
And

B12
=1
B21
 Conclusions
• Stimulated emission have same probability as
stimulated absorption
• Ratio between spontaneous and stimulated
emission varies with v3
• All we need is to calculate one of the
probability to find others.
THANKS SEE YOU IN NEXT
LECTURE