WCDMA Handover Principle

WCDMA Handover
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 Why mobile systems need handover?
 It is decided by the characters of mobile system:
 The mobility of UE
 The mobile system is composed by cells which the coverage
ability is limited.
 Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic
element in QoS.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 The basic definitions of Handover
 The algorithms of handover decision
 The handover flow
 The parameters of handover
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
3. The Basic Handovers
The Purpose of Handover
 Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element
in QoS.
 The load balance: sharing the resource
 The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of using
resource
The Basic Concepts of Handover
 Active Set
 Monitored Set
 Detected set
 Event reporting
 Event reporting to Periodic reporting
 Periodic reporting
 Radio Link (RL)
 Radio Link Set (RLS)
 Combination way:
 maximum ratio combination
 selection combination
 The soft handover gain
 CPICH
 Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
The Categories of Handover
 According to the signaling characters:
 Soft handover (softer handover)
 Hard handover
 According to the properties of source cell and target cell
 Intra-frequency handover
 Inter-frequency handover
 Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)
 According to the purpose of handover
 Based on Coverage
 Based on Load (Optional)
 Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
 Based on Service (Optional)
The Characters of Different Handovers
 Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
The numbers of RL in Several One

active set after handover
Interruption during No Yes

handover
The frequencies of cells Only happened in Can be happened in Intra-frequency

Intra-frequency cells cells or Inter-frequency cells
The Characters of Different Handovers
 Comparison between soft handover and softer handover
 During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB
by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are
combined in RNC by selection combination
 Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination can get more
gain. So the performance of maximum ration combination is better
 Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not consume
transport resource of Iub
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Three Steps of Handover
Measurement Decision
Execute
Questions
 The differences among Soft handover, softer handover and hard
handover
 Typical application scenarios
Summary
 This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and the categories
of handover in WCDMA.
Contents
Contents
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Report
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Contents
2.4 Compressed mode
The Basic Concepts of Measurement
 The measurement values of Handover
 Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0,
Path loss
 Inter-frequency ： CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
 Inter-system ： GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation
 The reporting methods of measurement
 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
 The events of reporting
 Intra-frequency events ： 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
 Inter-frequency events ： 2D,2F,2B,2C
 Inter-system events ： 3A,3C
Measurement Model
parameters parameters
A Layer 1 B Layer 3 C D
Evaluation
filtering filtering
of reporting
criteria
C'
Reporting Criterion
 Reporting Criterion
 Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
 Path Loss
 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
 i 1 
 Other measurement ：
 NA 
10  LogM New  W 10  Log   M i   (1  W ) 10  LogM Best  ( R  H 1a / 2),
 i 1 
Key Parameters
Contents
2.4 Compressed mode
Intra-frequency Measurement Events
 Intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X
 1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the active set of
UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
 1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
 1C : The primary pilot channel
 l in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
 1D : The best cell changes;
 1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute
threshold
Inter-frequency Measurement Events
 Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X
 2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold;
 2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
 2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold
 2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
Inter-system Measurement Events
 Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X
 3A : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is
lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold
 3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a
certain threshold
Contents
2.4 Compressed mode
The Purpose of Compressed mode
 Purpose
 Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD
mode
 Categories
 Downlink compressed
 Uplink compressed
Compressed Mode Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
The realization Methods of
Compressed mode
 Realization Methods
 SF/2
 Rate matching/puncturing
 Higher layer scheduling
Questions
 How many events are there in intra-frequency measurement?
What are they?
 How many events are there in UE internal measurement?
 How many events are there in inter-frequency measurement?
What are they?
Summary
 This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement, inter-frequency
measurement, inter-system measurement and UE internal
measurement from their definitions and application scenarios
Contents
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
 Characters of Soft Handover
 During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells - active set
 The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can be
softer handover
 Soft handover:
– Selection combination in uplink
– Maximum combination in downlink
 Softer handover
– Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
 Advantages
 Soft handover gain
 Load balance
 Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover
 Disadvantages
 More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service
 Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative
 When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will bring
side-effect
Measurement of Soft Handover
 The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
 Measurement value ： CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/No 、 Pathloss
 Process of Measurement ： Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter
 Reporting way
 Periodic reporting
 Event reporting
– Event type ： 1A 、 1B 、 1C 、 1D 、 1F
– UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
– Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold, Absolute threshold,
Hysteresis, Time to trigger
 Event reporting to periodic reporting
The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover
 Soft/softer handover decision
 1A : Radio Link Addition
 1B : Radio Link Removal
 1C : Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal
 1D : change best cell
The Execution of Soft Handover
 Soft handover execution
 The update principal of measurement control
 Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters according to best cell
 RLC mode
 AM mode is used for measurement control
 UM mode is used for measurement report
 The compensation and restriction of soft handover
 From event reporting to periodic reporting
Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
Key Parameters
 Relative threshold
 Time to trigger
 Layer 3 filter coefficient
 Absolute threshold of soft handover
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
Brief Introduction of Intra-frequency Hard
Handover
 Characters
 UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
 Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
 The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
 Advantages
 Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
 Disadvantages
 High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference
 Application scenarios
 Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam (only
happened in inter-RNC handover)
 The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such as code
resource condition, the QoS condition and so no
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
 Measurement
 Similar to soft handover
 Decision
 1D event
 Execution
 UE reports CFN-SFN information
 Synchronization hard handover
 Use the original DOFF value
 Continuous CFN
 UE does not report CFN-SFN information
 The hard handover based on timing
 Re-configure DOFF
 Calculate CFN according to DOFF
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
 Measurement
 Similar to soft handover
 Decision
 1D event
 Execution
 UE reports CFN-SFN information
 Synchronization hard handover
 Use the original DOFF value
 Continuous CFN
 UE does not report CFN-SFN information
 The hard handover based on timing
 Re-configure DOFF
 Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Key Parameters
 Handover decision threshold based on BE speed
 UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE service is less
than the threshold.
 UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the speed of BE
service is greater than the threshold.
 The parameters about 1D event

 Time to trigger, hysteresis
 The parameters should be set accord with the Qos
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
 Characters
 The working frequency is different after handover
 The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver
 Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used for hard
handover
 Disconnected coverage
 Handover based on load
 Hierarchy cells
Measurement Values and Events
 The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values
 Measurement values
 CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/N0
 Different handover purpose for different measurement type

 In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP
 In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No
Compressed Mode Initiation
 Conditions for measurement initiated
 2D event : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower
 Conditions for Measurement stopping

 2F event : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is
higher than a certain threshold
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE
Moving Speed
 When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed
estimation algorithm is initiated
 Handover events in a while decides whether the speed of UE satisfies
the current cell hierarchy condition
 UE’s moving speed decided the result
Decision Algorithm
 The inter-frequency hard handover decision

 The coverage triggers the handover
 2B event ：
– the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute threshold, but the
quality in another non-used frequency is higher than another absolute
threshold.
 The load triggers handover

 2C event ：
– the quality in another frequency is higher than an absolute threshold
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Signaling
Flow Source Target
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE
3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Key Parameters (I)
 Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters
 Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event reporting
 Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time and
hysteresis
 Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the different
demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain,
the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
 Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of target
cell
 Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
 The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Key Parameters (II)
 Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by non-coverage
ability
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger
time and hysteresis
 Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage ability
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
 WCDMA FDD < － >GSM
 Characters
 Different radio access technology is used after handover
 Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
 Advantages
 For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
 For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old equipments(2G-
>3G)
 Disadvantages
 The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for
equipments
 Demands more complicated UE
Compressed Mode Initiated
 The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
 Measurement type:
 GSM Carrier RSSI
 BSIC Identification
 BSIC Reconfirmation
 The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter

 Measurement reporting
 Event reporting
– 2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
– 2F Event: stop GSM measurement
Decision Algorithm
 Inter-system handover caused by coverage
 Event reporting:
 3A event ： The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency
is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher
 Periodic reporting:
 Evaluation ： According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of GSM
system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM RSSI of target cell is
greater than the absolute threshold, then consider the cell confirmed by
BSIC
Decision Algorithm
 Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
 Event reporting
 3C event: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a absolute threshold
Inter-system Handover Flow
UE Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC
1. Relocation
Required 2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
5. Prepare
6. Relocation Handover
Command Response
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
10. Handover
Complete
12. Iu Release 11. Send
Command End
Signal
Request
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
Key Parameters (I)
 Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
 Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and
CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured
 Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
 CPICH Ec/No
 CPICH RSCP
 BSIC confirmed (Optional)
 Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
 configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately
 Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
 Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event
Key Parameters (II)
 Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters
 The period of inter-system measurement report
 The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the
CS, PS, signaling separately
 Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and
unacknowledged mode
 Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
 Penalty time
Questions
 What are the differences between soft handover and softer
handover?
 What is compressed mode?
 Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.
Summary
 This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA: soft
handover, softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-
frequency hard handover and inter-system hard handover. It also
introduced the application scenarios for these different handovers
 Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this chapter
Thank you
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WCDMA Handover Principle

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WCDMA Handover

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

3. The Basic Handovers

Item Soft Handover Hard Handover

The numbers of RL in Several One

Interruption during No Yes

The frequencies of cells Only happened in Can be happened in Intra-frequency

3. The Basic Handovers

2.2 The basic definitions of measurement

2.3 Measurement event

2.4 Compressed mode

Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement Control, normal case

Measurement Control, normal case

2.2 The basic definitions of measurement

2.3 Measurement event

2.4 Compressed mode

2.2 The basic definitions of measurement

2.3 Measurement event

2.4 Compressed mode

2.2 The basic definitions of measurement

2.3 Measurement event

2.4 Compressed mode

3. The Basic Handovers

3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover

3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover

3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

– Maximum combination in downlink

3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover

3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover

3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

 The parameters about 1D event

3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover

3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover

3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

 Different handover purpose for different measurement type

 Conditions for Measurement stopping

 The inter-frequency hard handover decision

 The load triggers handover

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION

6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE

3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover

3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover

3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

 The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3 filter

– 2F Event: stop GSM measurement

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