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m 1G(FIRST GENERATION)

m 2G(SECOND GENERATION)

m 3G(THIRD GENERATION)

m 4G(FOURTH GENERATION)
m 1G was based on the
analog system and was
developed in the 1970s.

m Based on FDMA, it allows


users to make voice calls
in one country.
m oor voice quality
m oor battery life
m Larger phone size
m No security
m Frequent call drops
m Limited capacity
m 2G phones were commercially launched
on the Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM)
m It is based on digital radio signals.
m Based on the type of multiplexing used, it
can be divided into
ΠTDMA
ΠCDMA
Evolution of Mobile Communications

Time Division Multiplex Access Technology

Time

USER3

USER2

USER1 Frequency

h Increase frequency spectrum efficiency


h orks by dividing a single radio frequency into many small time slots
Evolution of Mobile Communications

mode Division Multiplex Access Technology

Code
Time

USER3

USER2

USER1

Frequency

h Large capacity
h High voice quality
m Increased system capacity by
multiplexing
m Addresses health concern
m Introduction of data services e.g. SMS
m Greatly reduced frauds
m Enhanced privacy
m Greater mobile phone penetration levels
m GSM is a circuit switched connection
oriented technology, where the end
systems are dedicated for the entire call
session.
m Does not support high data rates
m Unable to handle complex data such as
video
m The lossy compression used takes a toll
i.e.the range of sound that is conveyed is
reduced.
m  e 3G Standard is
created by I and is
called as § 
§
      
      

m  e aim of IM is to
armonize worldwide 3G
systems to provide global roaming.
volution Towards 3G
1. ith 3G, the information is split into
separate but related packets before being
transmitted and reassembled at the
receiving end i.e. it uses acket switched
data formats .

2. The World Wide Web (WWW) :


eople access the Internet for
entertainment, services, and information
collection, the intranet for accessing
enterprise information and connecting
with colleagues and the extranet for
accessing customers and suppliers.

3. Speed of up to 2 Megabits per


second (Mbps) are achievable with 3G.
For high mobility, data rates of 144 kbps
are expected to be available.
3G mAABILITI S
m High-speed data transmissions

m Symmetrical and asymmetrical data transmission support


m Improved voice quality
m Multiple simultaneous services
m Global roaming across networks
m Improved security
m Needs Higher Bandwidth

m Associated costs

m More power
requirements
÷ wourth Generation mellular
mommunication (4G)

 4G is not one defined technology or


standard, but rather a collection of
technologies and protocols aimed at
 creating fully packet-switched networks
optimized for data.
 4G networks are projected to provide
speeds of 6  while moving and 6
  while stationary.

4/16/2011
m ÿisualized virtual navigation

m Tele-medicine

m Cameras in Traffic Light

m Crisis management
m Enhanced Mobile Gaming

m ersonal Media Repository

m ÿirtual presence
m Broadband Access in remote
locations
m Need complicated hardware

m Not affordable prices

m Battery usage is more


4/16/2011
m 4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several
different LAN and AN technologies.

m Finally, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a


rone size fits allr category, having a feature set
that meets the needs of just about everyone.

m TODAY·S WIR D SOmI TY IS GOING WIR L SS AND Iw


IT HAS ROBL M, 4G IS TH ANSW R.

  

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 = 
 The 2G spectrum scam involved officials and
ministers in the Government of India illegally
undercharging mobile telephony companies for
frequency allocation licenses, which they would
use to create 2G subscriptions for cell phones.

 According to a report submitted by


themomptroller and Auditor General based on
money collected from 3G licenses, the loss to the
exchequer was 176,379 crore (US$38.27 billion).
 In 2008, the Income Tax department, after orders
from the ministry of Home and the MO, began
tapping the phones of Niira Radia. This was done
to help with an ongoing investigation into a case
where it was alleged that Niira Radia had acted
as a spy.

 Some of the many conversations recorded over


300 days were leaked to the media. The tapes
featured some explosive conversations between
oliticians, Journalists and morporate Houses.
m A. Raja, the Ex-Minister of Communications and
Information Technology

m Arun Shourie, the minister for Telecom during 2003

m ramod Mahajan, the minister for Telecom


between 1999 and 2003.
m nitec Group
m Swan elecom
m Loop Mobile
m Videocon elecommunications Limited
m S el
m Reliance Communications
m Sistema S yam
m Vodafone Essar
m ata Communications
m |ira Radia, a former airline entrepreneur turned corporate
lobbyist w ose conversations wit politicians and corporate
entities were recorded by t e government aut orities and
leaked creating t e |ira Radia tapes controversy.

m Bark a Dutt, an |DV journalist alleged to ave lobbied for


A. Raja's appointment as minister.

m Vir Sang vi, a Hindustan imes editor alleged to ave edited


articles to reduce blame in t e |ira Radia tapes.
By: MAHIMA SHARMA
N HA SINGHAL

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