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COMPUTING
STIMI K.O.
ROLL NO:53
MCA B-5
INTRODUCTION
A computer cluster is a group of tightly coupled
computers that work together closely so that it
can be viewed as a single computer.
a.PCs
b.Workstations
c.SMPs (CLUMPS)
d.Distributed HPC Systems
Contd…
2. State of t he a rt Op erating Syste ms
a. Linux (Beowulf)
b. Microsoft NT (Illinois HPVM)
c. SUN Solaris (Berkeley NOW)
d. IBM AIX (IBM SP2)
e. HP UX (Illinois - PANDA)
Contd…
3.Hig h P erfo rm ance
Ne two rk s/ Switc hes
a. Ethernet (10Mbps),
b. Fast Ethernet (100Mbps),
c. Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps)
e. ATM
f. Myrinet (1.2Gbps)
g. Digital Memory Channel
h. FDDI
Contd…
4. Network Interface Card
a. Myrinet has NIC
5. Fast Communication Protocols and Services
a. Active Messages (Berkeley)
b. Fast Messages (Illinois)
6. Cluster Middleware
a. Single System Image (SSI)
b. System Availability (SA) Infrastructure
Contd…
7. Parall el Pr ogrammin g
Environments and To ols
a. Threads (PCs, SMPs, NOW..)
b. MPI
c. Compilers
d. RAD (rapid application development tools)
e. Debuggers
f. Performance Analysis Tools
g. Visualization Tools
Contd…
8. Applications
a. Sequential
b. Parallel / Distributed (Cluster-aware app.)
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
CLUSTERS
backup.
Always with redundancy
Almost all load balancing cluster are with HA
capability
ISSUES TO BE
CONSIDERED
Cluster Networking
Cluster Software
Programming
Timing
Network Selection
Speed Selection
Contd…
Clu ste r n etwo rkin g
If you are mixing hardware that has different
networking technologies, there will be large
differences in the speed with which data will be
accessed and how individual nodes can
communicate. If it is in your budget make sure that
all of the machines you want to include in your
cluster have similar networking capabilities, and if
at all possible, have network adapters from the
same manufacturer.
Contd…
Clu ste r So ft wa re
You will have to build versions of clustering
software for each kind of system you include
in your cluster.
Contd…
Programming
Our code will have to be written to support the
lowest common denominator for data types
supported by the least powerful node in our cluster.
With mixed machines, the more powerful machines
will have attributes that cannot be attained in the
powerful machine.
Contd…
Timing
This is the most problematic aspect of cluster.
Since these machines have different performance
profile our code will execute at different rates on the
different kinds of nodes. This can cause serious
bottlenecks if a process on one node is waiting for
results of a calculation on a slower node..
Contd…
Ne two rk S election
There are a number of different kinds of
network topologies, including buses,
cubes of various degrees, and grids/meshes.
These network topologies will be
implemented by use of one or more network
interface cards, or NICs, installed into the head-
node and compute nodes of our cluster.
Contd…
Speed Selection
No matter what topology you choose for your
cluster, you will want to get fastest network that
your budget allows. Fortunately, the availability of
high speed computers has also forced the
development of high speed networking systems.
Examples are :
10Mbit Ethernet, 100Mbit Ethernet, gigabit
networking, channel bonding etc.
Conclusion
Clusters are promising
Solve parallel processing paradox
New trends in hardware and software technologies
are likely to make clusters.
Clusters based supercomputers (Linux based
clusters) can be seen everywhere !!