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Resmy.

S
No:041
08/30/08 1
Things
Included…
Introduction
History
Different standards
Working
Process
How we get?
Applications
Gains And Losses
Achievements and dominance
Future
Conclusion
08/30/08 2
INTRODUCTION
• Acronym
Group.
for Moving Pictures Experts

• It is a committee formed by the ISO to


develop an international standard for the
coded representation of moving pictures and
association audio on digital storage media.
• Its official designation is ISO/IEC/
JTC/SC29 WG11.
• It was established with the mandate to
develop standards for coded representation
of moving pictures, audio and their
combination.
08/30/08 3
History
• Founded in January 1988.
• Father of MPEG is Leonardo Chiariglione.
• Its first meeting was in May 1988 in
Ottawa, Canada in which 25 experts were
participated.
• As of late 2005, 350 experts from some
200 companies & organizations from about
20 countries take part in its meeting.

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Different
Formats
The main formats are:-
…..MPEG-1
…..MPEG-2
…..MPEG-3
…..MPEG-4
…..MPEG-7
…..MPEG-21

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MPEG-1
• Established in 1992.
• Its standard is ISO/IEC 11172
• Designed to produce reasonable quality images
& sound at low bit rates.
• It is intended to fit the bandwidth of CD-
ROM, Video-CD & CD-i.
• It usually comes in Standard Interchange
Format (SIF).
• It can be encoded at bit rates as high as
4-5Mbits/sec.

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Parts of MPEG-1
It mainly consists of 5 parts:-
…IS 11172-1:(System)--for synchronization &
multiplexing of audio and video.
…IS 11172-2:(Video)--for compression of non-
interlaced video signals.
…IS 11172-3:(Audio)--for compression of audio signals
using high performance perceptual coding schemes.
contains 3 layers:-
MP1/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer1(MPEG-1 Audio Layer1)
MP2/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer2(MPEG-1 Audio Layer2)
MP3/MPEG-1 Part3 Layer3(MPEG-1 Audio Layer3)
…IS 11172-4:(Conformance)--for testing conformance
…IS 11172-5:(Simulation)--for reference software.
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Uses of mpeg-1
• Used to transmit data over digital
telephone networks such as ADSL, Video on
Demand, Video Kiosks,& corporate
presentations and training networks.
• It is also used as an archival medium, or in
an audio-only form to transmit audio over
the internet.
• Its strength is its high compression ratio
with relatively high quality.

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MPEG-2
• Established in 1994.
• Its standard is ISO/IEC 13818
• Is a standard for “generic coding of moving
pictures & associated audio information”
• Designed to produce higher quality images
at higher bit rates.
• Delivers true broadcast quality video.
• Bit rates is between 3-10Mbits/sec.
• Users are broadcast & cable companies.
08/30/08 9
Continued…
Is widely used as the format of digital
TV signals that are broadcast by
terrestrial, cable, & direct broadcast
systems.
It specifies the format of movies and
other programs on DVD.
With some enhancements, they are also
used in HDTV transmission systems.
They are fully capable of paying back
MPEG-1 video streams.

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Parts of mpeg-
2
Mainly contains 4 parts.
They were developed in a joint collaborative
team with ITU-T.
They are
…. Part1:- System: ISO/IEC 13818-1
• Contains 2 formats:
transport steam & program stream

08/30/08 11
Continued…
…..Part2:- Video: ISO/IEC 13818-2
• Similar to mpeg-1 std
• But provides support for interlaced video
• It is not optimized for low bit rates.
…..Part3:- Audio Section: enhances MPEG’s-
1 audio by coding of audio programs by more
than 2 channels.
…..Part 7:- specifies a non-backwards-
compatible audio format.
-referred as MPEG-2 AAC

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MPEG-3

• It was initially intended to cover HDTV,


providing larger sampling dimensions.
• Bit rate is between 20-40Mbits/sec.
• It was dropped because MPEG-2 can be
finessed to cover the requirements of
HDTV.

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MPEG-4
• It is a standard used to compress audio and
visual digital data.
• Initiated in 1995 & finalized in the end of
1998.
• Standard is ISO/IEC 14496.
• Has very low bit rates between 4800 & 64,000
bits/sec.
• Now it supports up to 4Mbps.

08/30/08 14
Continued…
• It is designed to use in broadcast, interactive
& conversational environments.
• It preserves compatibility with major existing
standards:MPEG-1,2 &VRML for 3D
rendering.
• It is a still developing standard and is divided
into 6 different parts.

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Parts of MPEG-
4
• Part1:: ISO/IEC 14496-1: Systems
• Part2:: ISO/IEC 14496-2: Visual
• Part3:: ISO/IEC 14496-3: Audio
• Part4:: Conformance testing
• Part5:: Software
• Part10:: Delivery Multimedia Integration
Framework

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Advantages of
MPEG-4
Over MPEG-1&2
.…Integration of synthetic and natural content.
.…Support for 2D and 3D content.
.…Support for several types of interactivity.
.…Coding at very low rates
.…Support for management and protection of
intellectual property.
Over VRML
.…Native support for natural content and real-
time streamed content using URLs
.…Efficient representation of the scene
description

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MPEG-7
• Formalized into a standard in September 2000
• Formally called Multimedia Content Description
Interface
• Designed to standardize:
….a set of description schemes &
descriptors
….a scheme for coding the description
….a language to specify the DDL

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Continued…
• Combination of MPEG-4&7 is called MPEG-47 &
described by mpeg as Tools for Killer Applications.
• It is intended to be the ideal solution for efficient
streaming of content, content manipulation& indexing
of this content
• The applications that benefits from MPEG-7 are::
…Digital Libraries (image catalogue, musical
dictionary)
…Multimedia directory services (yellow
pages)
…Broadcast media selection (radio & TV
channel)
…Multimedia editing (personalized electronic
news service, media authoring)
08/30/08 19
MPEG-21
• It aims at defining an open framework for
multimedia applications.
• Standard is ISO 21000
• It is an XML standard, designed to
communicate machine-readable information &
do so in a “ubiquitous, unambiguous and
secure” manner.

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Working of
MPEG
• It reduces colors or shades using compression
techniques.
• If the eye won’t see a part, don’t encode it.
Thus reduces redundant information.
• If the background doesn’t change, don’t encode
it.
• Approximately 75% of compression comes from
reducing redundant data describing motion.
• MPEG uses a compression algorithms.

08/30/08 21
Compression
techniques
Video compression
states that ::- “Divide the picture
into 8*8 blocks, determine relevant picture
information, discard redundant or insignificant
information & encode relevant picture
information with the least no: of bits”.
Main functions in this are:
DCT, Zig-Zag Scanning,
Quantization, Entropy Encoding, Motion
Estimation.

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Entropy encoding
For encoding the most frequently occuring
patterns with least no: of bits.
Has 2 process
….Zero Run Length Coding (RLC)
….Huffman Coding

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Compression
Algorithm
Basic algorithm is:
....Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT)
-- for the removal of spatial
redundancy.

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Discrete Cosine
• The 8x8Transform
block values are coded by means of
the discrete cosine transform.
• We can define all the 64 values by only 5
integers if you apply the following formula

Where f(x,y) is the brightness of the pixel at position [x,y].

08/30/08 25
Continued…

After performing this we get an 8*8


matrix that contains almost all values equal
to zero.
By rejecting the pixel values, in the place
were we get the matrix value zero, we get
a compressed picture.

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Working model

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Process
• It exists to produce standards.
• Published standards are the last stage of a
long process.
• It starts with proposal of new work in a
committee.
• These New Proposals (NP) are approved by the
SubCommittee(SC29) & at the JTC1.

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Continued…
• For audio and video coding standards the first
document produced is the Verification Model
(VM).
• After reaching a sufficient confidence, a
Working Draft (WD) is produced.
• At the planned time, WD has become
sufficiently solid and becomes Committee
Draft (CD).
• It is then sent to National Bodies (NB) for
ballot.
• If no: of +ve votes is above quorum, it
becomes Final Committee Draft (FCD).

08/30/08 29
Continued…
• Again after a second ballot, if the no: of +ve
votes is above quorum, it becomes Final Draft
International Standard (FDIS).
• ISO will then hold a yes/no ballot with NBs
where no technical changes are allowed.
• Finally that document will become an
International Standard (IS).
• Output documents are stored in the MPEG ftp
site

08/30/08 30
How we get?
• MPEG standards can be directly purchased
from ISO, from their website at
http://www.iso.org/ or from National Body.
• Some of the standards are publicly
available (including reference software).

08/30/08 31
Applications
MPEG-1
Video Kiosk
Video On Demand (VOD)
Video Dial Tone
Training
Video Library
MPEG-2
CATV (CAble TeleVision)
DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)
Other applications
Digital Video Tape
High Density CD
Video Conferencing
Digital Camcorders

08/30/08 32
Gains
Produces high quality pictures.
Different formats are used in:
DVDs
Digital TV
SDTV (Standard Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
• Has also taken projects for the standard bodies:
…AES—Audio Engineering Society.
…ATSC—Advanced Television Systems Committee.
…DAVIC—Digital Audio Video Integration Consortium.
…ITU-R,T—International Telecommunications Union

(Radio,Telecom sector).
…JPEG—Joint Pictures Experts Group.
…W3C—World Wide Web Consortium.
……………….

08/30/08 33
Losses
• Mpeg audio are not widely accepted as its
video cousins are.
• The video quality of MPEG-2 are superior to
MPEG-1,but MPEG-1 remains useful and still
being used.
• Tight competition between Dolby digital and
MPEG. Dolby has 5.1 channel audio, but MPEG
had only a stereo solution.

08/30/08 34
Achievements &
Dominance
• MPEG has been adopted by leading multimedia
technology firms like Philips, Samsung, Intel &
Sony for their products.
• For DVDs, multichannel audio MPEG-2 is used
• Used by ISDN to provide very high quality
audio & video.

08/30/08 35
Future …
• IBM Corp.’s Internet Advanced Technology
Group are going to market a secure system for
downloading digital music files over the Internet
• MP3 has moved onto make mainstream music
radar, car players & hybrid stereo components.
• MPEG-4 are making provisions for integrating
various forms of 2D,3D,natural & synthesized
contents and support for interactivity and scene
description.

08/30/08 36
Conclusion
• MPEG is currently powerful as a standards
body.
• This is because of the technical superiority of
its standards &the broad applicability of the
standards.
• They must also watch out for market prices
for hardware for new technologies.
• Their concerns must be acknowledged in
upcoming standards whether justifiable or not.

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