Systems Analysis and Design


SYSTEM

A set of components that interact with each other
to form as a whole.

Work together toward achieving a common goal

ATTRIBUTE

Contains qualities and capabilities not found
in the individual elements.
 
Components of a System


Input - anything that enters the system.

Output – anything that leaves the system
goal or purpose for which the system exists.

Process – transforms input into output.

Feedback – reintroduces a portion of the
output of a system as an input into the same
system.
 Elements of a System

Purpose – the reason it exists.

the reference point for measuring its success

Subsystems - parts or elements which perform
specified tasks that are compatible with the
goals of the larger system of which these are
parts.

Environment – the people, facilities, rules,
policies, and regulations that surround a
system.

Boundary – the perimeter or line of
demarcation between a system and the
environment.

Connections – transmit the flow of material
and information that coordinate the system’s
components.
 Systems Concept

Business System

A collection of policies, procedures,
methods, people, machines, and other
elements that interact and enable the
organization to achieve its goals.

Information System

A collection of procedures, programs,
equipment, and methods that process data
and make it available to management for
decision-making.
Components of Information System


Work practices – methods and procedures
used by people and technology to perform
work.

Information – can include formatted data, text,
images and sounds.

People – people who enter, process and use
data.
Reasons for the need of an I.S.

Growing size of the organization and the no. of
competitors.

Growing ability of computers to process large
amount of data with great speed.

Dramatic increase in volumes of data
generated.

Advances in communication technologies to
permit faster data communication

Much more sophisticated technology today.
 Types of Information System

T P S – Transaction Processing System

M I S – Management Information System

Expert Systems

O A S – Office automation Systems

D S S - Decision Support System

O I S – Organizational Information System

G I S - Geographic Information System

AM / FM – Area Management / Facilities
Management

K W S – Knowledge work systems.

Health Sytems - Patient Information System
 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
(TPS)

Transactions – an individual simple events in
the life of an organization that contain data
about organizational activity.

Transaction Processing Systems

developed to process large amounts of data
for routine business transactions such as
payroll system and inventory system.

computer-based versions of manual
organization systems dedicated to handle
the organization’s transactions.

Example of TPS are:

Payroll System

Inventory System

Library System

Billing System

Enrollment System

Grading System
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM (MIS)

A computer-based systems designed to
provide standard reports for managers about
transaction data.

Support a broader range if organizational task
to include not only TPS but also decision
analysis and decision making.

Its output information is used in decision-
making process such as report.
 Types of report in MIS

Summary Reports – present all activity over a
given time period, geographic region or other
categorization in aggregate form.

Exception Reports – only present information
that is out of normal ranges.

On-Demand Reports – present anticipated
summaries only when a manager wants or
needs to check the status of activities.

Ad-hoc Reports – provide specific information
as needed, these are unanticipated and maybe
one time in nature.
 EXPERT SYSTEMS (ES) or
Knowledge Based

Computer-based systems designed to mimic
the performance of human experts.

Is a program that emulates the interaction a
user might have with a human expert to solve a
problem.
 Areas covered include:

Robotics – consists of computer-based
controlled devices that imitate the motor
activities of humans.

Perceptive Systems – use visual images and
auditory signals to instruct companies or other
devices, such as robots.

Natural Language Processing – enables users
to communicate with computers in their local
languages.
 OFFICE AUTOMATION
SYSTEMS (OAS)

support data workers, who do not usually
create new knowledge but rather analyze
information in order to transform data or
manipulate it some way and then share its
resource, formally disseminate it throughout the
organization and sometimes beyond.

Includes :

Word processing

Spreadsheets

Desktop publishing

Electronic scheduling

Communication thru

Voice mail

E-mail

Video conferencing
 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
(DSS)

Are interactive computer-based systems
intended to help decision makers use and
models to identify and solve problems and
make decisions.
 Components of DSS

Database – contains data relevant to the
decision to be made.

Model base – contains one or more models
that can be used to analyze the decision
situation.

Dialogue module – provides a way for the
decision maker, usually a non-technical
manager, to communicate with the DSS.

Group Decision Support System (GDSS) – a
DSS that supports groups of decision makers.
 MARKETING INFORMATION
SYSTEM(MkIS)

A computer-based system that works in
conjunction with other functional information
systems to support the firm’s management in
solving the problem related to marketing the
firm’s product.

Subsystems include:

Data processing – normally provides the
sales order data.

Marketing research – gathering data of
customers and prospects

primary data gathered by its personnel

secondary data from other resources

Marketing intelligence – gathering data about
one’s competitors.

Product – provides information about the
firm’s product.

Promotion – handles the firm’s advertising
and personal selling activities.

Price – aims to support the manager’s
pricing decisions
 MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
SYSTEM(MFIS)

Refers to computer based technology used to
control or manage the manufacturing process
and the delivery of products and services to
customers.

These systems include but are not limited to:

Programmable Logic Controllers

Distributed Control Systems

Machine/Supervisory Control Systems

Intelligent Sensing Devices

Laboratory Management and Information
Systems

Quality and Customer Service Systems

Order-processing and Inventory Systems
 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)

Computer-based system capable of
assembling, storing, manipulating,
and displaying geographically
referenced information such as data
identified according to their locations.

Relating information from different sources:

Data Capture

Data Integration

Projection and Registration

Data Structures

Data Modeling

Key Components

Hardware

Software

Data

People

Methods