ALAM SEKITAR DAN

KESIHATAN
 Objectives:

• Examine the relationship between

environment and people’s health
• Understand the relationship between
human activities, human health and
environment.
 What is environment?

Environment: encompasses
people’s surroundings
and circumstances
relating to their
surroundings, so it
includes physical ,
biological, social and
cultural factors.
Environmental components;

• Biosphere
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
 Akibat daripada interaksi manusia
dan alam sekitar
• Berlaku perubahan terhadap
keseimbangan alam sekitar
• Perubahan alam sekitar selain memberi
kesan terhadap alam sekitar akan
memberi kesan terhadap manusia
• Mengakibatkan kesihatan dan
kesejahteraan hidup manusia terjejas.
 Human activity and the
environment
• The ways in which human change and
manipulate their environment influence the
interaction between the environment and health.
• Need to understand those factors termed ‘human
driving forces’ (WHO 1997)
• These are underlying – human induced changes
in social and economic conditions that can
influence human activities such as industry and
the provision and use of services and household
consumption
In turn, this cause environmental change via
the use of energy and redistribution of
materials:
• These can lead to adverse human and
natural consequences such as air pollution,
climatic change, water pollution, soil
pollution, loss of biodiversity etc.
• Human activity affects environmental health,
either positive or negative
What is the pressure that leads
to human activities?
• Population and urbanization
• Poverty and inequity
• Technology and scientific development
• Political and economic systems
• Cultural values
Interaksi manusia dan alam sekitar:
• Keperluan biologi dan keperluan budaya
Untuk survival – makan, bernafas, tempat
tinggal, pakaian.

Untuk keselesaan hidup – aktiviti ekonomi,

pendidikan, infrastruktur, ibadat dll.
 Akibat daripada interaksi manusia
dan alam sekitar
• Berlaku perubahan terhadap
keseimbangan alam sekitar
• Perubahan alam sekitar selain memberi
kesan terhadap alam sekitar akan
memberi kesan terhadap manusia
• Mengakibatkan kesihatan dan
kesejahteraan hidup manusia terjejas.
Atmosphere
 Atmosphere composition
Gases
Liquids
Solids

Variations from place to place

Variations with height within the atmosphere
Variations through time
 Weather
• The importance of weather
- weather , people and human activities – it
determines just about everything they do,
when and where they do it
• Weather and health
- Weather can affect human health both
directly and indirectly
• Weather disasters
 Climate
Climate is very much a product of
interactions between the
atmosphere and the other major
environmental systems
(lithosphere, biosphere and
hydrosphere)
Links between climate and other
environmental systems
• The availability of water resources
• River flooding
• Droughts
• Desertification
• Snow and ice cover
• The natural distribution of plant and animal
species
• The development and distribution of soils
• Pattern and processes of natural weathering
Hydrosphere
• Water is essential for
life
• People relied heavily
on water to drink,
obtain food from and
use for irrigation
• Hydrological cycle is
important as it
involves movement of
moisture
• The global water
cycle – storage
amount and times
Hydrological cycle
RIVER
Ecosystem
Reservoir
Transportation
 OCEAN
Natural resources
Transportation
Ecosystem
Military activities
LAKE
Natural resources
Ecosystem
GROUND WATER
Storage
Natural resources
 Human activities induced
changes to water cycle
• Urban areas
• Industrial activities
• Construction works
• Agriculture
• Landfill
• Shipping
• Squatters
 Changes
• The movement of water vapour
• Evaporation rates
• River runoff
• Infiltration
• Groundwater
Water and disaster
Life on Earth Biosphere
Is occupied by
living organism
(biota), and this
includes parts
of the
atmosphere,
hydrosphere
and lithosphere
 Boundaries
Most of the living organisms on
earth are found on or near the
surface of land or water, so
biosphere is a very thin layer
around the earth
 The biosphere and environmental
system
• Links the lower atmosphere (troposphere) with
the lithosphere
• Provides a vehicle for the transfer of chemicals
via the biogeochemical cycles
• Plays important roles in the hydrological cycle
• Affect rates and pattern of weathering within
lithosphere
• Contributes to the global energy system
 HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE

• Environmental pollution
• Habitat removal or damage
• Changing the structure and distribution of vegetation and soils
• Over exploitation of renewable resources
• Altering the species composition of an area (through agriculture or
forestry)
• Introducing exotic organism (including genetically engineered ones)
• Replacing natural biological variety with monocultures (single
species farming)
• Elimination of biological pest
• Inappropriate disposal of wastes
• Disturbing the equilibrium of important environmental systems
Ecology ECOLOGY

Ecology is the study of

relationship of plants
and animals to their
surroundings and to
each other. The
emphasis is on
relationships between
organisms and the
environments in which
they live, including all
living (biotic) and non
living (abiotic)
components
 CORE THEMES IN ECOLOGY

• The relationship between habitat stability and biodiversity

• The relationship between environmental transformations
caused by human activities and by extinction
• The importance of diversity
• Carrying capacity and the extent to which useful
productivity can be enhanced and sustained
• Resilience: the extent to which nature can restore itself
Lithosphere
 Soil as an open system
• That reflect interactions with rock,
materials, climate and organism (plants
and animals)
• Different types of soil (porosity,
permeability)
• In soil we have soil organisms
 Soil degradation
• Degradation can often involve loss of soil
fertility – food production will effect
• Human factors contribute to the problem
include over exploitation or over cultivation
• Can lead to desertification
• Many agricultural activities promote the
degradation of soils
Soil and disasters