Cars so important in nowadays, and we

can not live without it.

Even so we must be careful when we use it
because it can be so dangers.
This presentation will discuss the main car
safety issue.
OUTLINE

• Tyres
• Traction control
• Brakes
• Crash avoidance
• Air bags
• Safe vehicle interiors
• Safety belts
• Seats
• Crush zones and safety cages
• Seeing and being seen
• Adjustability and comfort
• Risk
•Tyres

Tyres are one of a vehicle's most

important safety features.
Whenever a vehicle accelerates,
corners or brakes, it imposes
forces on its tyres. Good tyres
grip the road to allow a vehicle
to stop, go and corner safely,
which can be crucial in avoiding
crashes
•Tyres ( cont .. )

Choosing the right tyre depends

on the type of vehicle it will be
fitted to and how the vehicle will
be used. Tyres that may be
suitable for a passenger car used
for city driving could be
unsuitable for a vehicle carrying
heavy loads or used off-road.
•Tyres ( cont .. )

Tyre inflation
Having your tyres inflated
properly could save your life and
will certainly save you money.
Correct tyre pressure is vital for
balanced braking, maximum grip
and long tyre life.
Many accidents occurred
because of the unbalanced
pressure.
 Front wheel car
•Tyres ( cont .. )

Tyre Rotation
Car tires gets old with
time and the type of use
So rotation must be
implemented on the four rear wheel car
tires as show in the
figure. This must be done
every 5000km to achieve
equal rate of wear.
• Tyres ( cont .. )

• How to buy a safe tyres for your vehicle

1. Check the size
2. Speed Rating
3. Load Indices

All of the above are imprinted on the sidewall of

the tyre
• Tyres ( cont .. )

• How to buy a safe tyres for your vehicle

Check the size

by ISO Metric Sizing System

The International Standards
Organization (ISO) Metric system
combines the Metric system with a
service description. The service
description provides the load index
along with the speed rating symbol.
• Tyres ( cont .. ) Speed Speed Speed Speed
Categor (km/h) Categor (km/h)
y y
• How to buy a safe tyres for your Symbol Symbol
vehicle D 65 Q 160
E 70 R 170
Speed Rating F 80 S 180
All tyres carry a speed symbol in the form G 90 T 190
of a letter indicating the maximum J 100 U 200
speed for which the tyre is intended. K 110 H 210
This indicates the maximum speed
L 120 V 240
that the tyre can sustain for a ten
M 130 W 270
minute endurance without coming to
pieces and destroying itself and the N 140 Y 300
car it is on. P 150 Z 300+
• Tyres ( cont .. ) LI Kg LI Kg LI Kg LI Kg LI

0 45 40 140 80 450 120 1400 160

• How to buy a safe tyres for your 1 46.2 41 145 81 462 121 1450 161

vehicle
2 47.5 42 150 82 475 122 1500 162

3 48.7 43 155 83 487 123 1550 163

Load Indices
The load-index figure imprinted on the 4 50 44 160 84 500 124 1600 164

sidewall of the tyre denotes the 5 51.5 45 165 85 515 125 1650 165
maximum load capacity of a tyre
6 53 46 170 86 530 126 1700 166
when driven at maximum speed.
7 54.5 47 175 87 545 127 1750 167
• Traction control

Traction control helps limit tire slip

in acceleration on slippery
surfaces. In the past, drivers had to
feather the gas pedal to prevent
the drive wheels from spinning
wildly on slippery pavement. Many
of today's vehicles employ
electronic controls to limit power
delivery for the driver, eliminating
wheel slip and helping the driver
accelerate under control
• Traction control

Traction control deals specifically with

lateral (front-to-back) loss of friction
during acceleration. In other words,
when your car accelerates from a dead
stop, traction control works to ensure
maximum contact between the road
surface and your tires. For example, a
wet or icy road surface will
significantly reduce the friction
(traction) between your tires and the
pavement. And since your tires are the
only part of your car that actually
touches the ground, any resulting loss
of friction can have serious
consequences.
• Traction control

Let's say you're at a stoplight on wet

pavement. The light turns green and you
press too firmly on the accelerator pedal.
There is slick asphalt under your tires and
the wheels begin to spin. The traction
control system instantaneously kicks in,
sensing that the wheels have begun to slip.
Within a fraction of a second, this data is
fed back to the control unit, which adjusts
throttle input and applies braking force to
slow the wheels (some older systems also
retarded engine spark). The wheels are thus
prevented from spinning and the car
maintains maximum traction.
•Brakes
•Brakes ( ABS )

ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (A.B.S.)

The vehicle's active safety is further
increased by the latest in A.B.S.
technology, which provides control of
the vehicle and maximum tire grip even
in panic braking and reduced road
adherence (ice, snow, etc.).
Experimental testing has determined the
behavior of the vehicle during braking
with different type of tires and surface
conditions: it was noted that the
maximum braking action is provided
when a certain degree of tire slippage is
reached, and suddenly decreases when
this value is exceeded. The A.B.S.
actuates right at this point, and provides
the most effective braking action which
can be obtained for the existing tire and
road conditions
• Crash avoidance

The best way to not crash is

by trying to avoid the
crashes it self.
And you can do it by
1. Turning the steering
wheel to avoid the crash
2. Keep enough distance
between the cars
3. Consternate in the
driving
•Air bags
Air bags are standard
equipment in most new cars
and are planned to work as
restraint system
supplements to lap/shoulder
belts for front-seat
occupants in frontal
collisions.
•Air Bags Can Help or Harm:
 How Air Bags Work:
There are three parts to an air bag that help to accomplish
this feat:

1. The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded

into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the
seat or door.
2. The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. Inflation
happens when there is a collision force equal to running into a
brick wall at 10 to 15 miles per hour (16 to 24 km per hour). A
mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that
closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a crash
has occurred. The sensors receive information from an
accelerometer built into a microchip
 How Air Bags Work:

3. The air bag's inflation system reacts sodium azide

(NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce
nitrogen gas. Hot blasts of the nitrogen inflate the air
bag, which literally bursts out of the steering wheel or
dashboard as it expands. About a second later, the bag
is already deflating (it has holes in it) in order to get out
of your way
• Safe vehicle interiors

1. Steering wheel and steering column

2. Padding and edges
3. Knee bolsters
• Steering wheel and steering column
Hitting the steering wheel can give drivers serious head injuries. An
air bag and safety belt can help prevent these injuries, but the
steering wheel can also be designed to lessen the impact

• Padding and edges

All surfaces an occupant may strike in a crash should be as
safe as possible. For example, the dashboard, door panels,
roof, sun visors, mirrors, header rail and pillars should have
thick energy-absorbing padding with no sharp edges
underneath
• Safety belts
How safety belts protect you
 They prevent or minimise the impact of the occupants against
the vehicle interior and each other.

 They stop the wearer from being thrown from the vehicle.

 They help absorb the wearer's inertial energy, allowing the

wearer to slow at a rate similar to the occupant compartment
•Seats
A vehicle's seats can be very effective passive safety features. A

seat should be comfortable, but must also be sturdy enough to

withstand a lot of force and protect its occupant in a crash.

•Crush zones and safety cages
•Crush zones:
•rear and offset crashes
•The front and rear
• Safety cages:
•strong pillars
•barriers
•Door locks and hinges
•Seeing and being seen
•A safe car’s features :
•Windows
•Lights
•Seeing and being seen (cont..)
•Mirrors
•Seeing and being seen (cont..)
•Wipers and demisters
•Adjustability and comfort
•Mirrors
•Seats and safety belts
•The steering wheel
•Air-conditioning
 Risk

The risk of a pedestrian dying when hit by a vehicle travelling…

at 30 km/h: 10 %
at 50 km/h: 70 %
at 60 km/h: 90 %
at 70 km/h: 98 %
“To Be Safe better than Sorry”