Me1320 Building Services Iii

1ST HOUR
ME1320 BUILDING SERVICES III

SERVICES
PLUMBING
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
WATER DISTRIBUTION
STORM WATER DRAIN
PUMPS
ELECTRICAL
LIGHTING DESIGN HVAC
REFRIGERATION
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
FIRE FIGHTING
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE INSTALLATION
FIRE DETECTION
ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

1ST HOUR
SYLLABUS:
AIM
To expose the students, specialized service in buildings like
air-conditioning- its principles, components, applications, safety
measures,
fire-safety in buildings, fire resistant materials, devices for detection
of fire - gadgets involved, precautionary measures, and integration of
these in architectural design.

1ST HOUR
OBJECTIVES
To inform - basic knowledge on thermodynamics principles,
transfer of heat in buildings,
regulating temperature inside buildings,
liquid refrigerants used in air-conditioning.
To inform - about the refrigeration cycle,

the need for and role of compressors,
evaporators, motors, starters,
AHU's and cooling towers.
To understand - the various types of air-conditioning systems available

their applications
choice based on the typology of building and loads.
To inform - cause of fire,

need for protection,
standards and norms involved,
various considerations in planning and making it barrier free.
1ST HOUR
OBJECTIVES

To give additional knowledge - on fire detection through gadgets,
the warning system,
and the fighting equipments their installation,
working and incorporation of these in architectural design
projects.

1ST HOUR
UNIT I BASIC REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES - 9

Thermodynamics ‑ Heat ‑ Temperature, measurement transfer
‑ Change of state ‑ Sensible heat ‑ Latent heat of fusion,
evaporation, sublimation ‑ Saturation temperature ‑ Super
heated vapor ‑ sub cooled liquid ‑ pressure temperature
relationship for liquids ‑ Refrigerants.
UNIT II REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND SYSTEMS

COMPONENTS 6
Vapor compression cycle – compressors – evaporators -

Refrigerant control devices ‑ electric motors ‑ Starters ‑ Air
handling units ‑ Cooling towers.

1ST HOUR
UNIT III AIR‑CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND

APPLICATIONS
12
Centralized systems - Types - Packed air conditioning -

Window air conditioning - Air conditioning systems for various
types of buildings.
UNIT IV FIRE SAFETY ‑ GENERAL PROVISIONS 9

Causes of fire in buildings - Fire protection, standards ‑ safety
regulations ‑ NBC ‑ Planning considerations in buildings like
Non‑combustible materials, construction, staircases and lift
lobbies, fire escapes and A.C. systems. Special features
required for physically handicapped and elderly in building
types.

1ST HOUR
UNIT V FIRE DETECTION AND FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

9
Types of detectors and usage -Heat detectors, smoke
detectors, photoelectric detectors etc., Alarm Systems, Fire
fighting: Pumps, Fire tank (static capacity) Dry and wet risers,
Automatic sprinklers/ fire drill, refuge areas.
TOTAL : 45

1ST HOUR
TEXT BOOKS
1.William H.Severns and Julian R.Fellows, “Air-conditioning
and Refrigeration, John Wiley and Sons, London, 1988.

REFERENCES
1. A.F.C. Sherratt, “Air-conditioning and Energy Conservation”,
The Architectural Press, London, 1980.
2. “National Building Code of India 2005, Part 8”, Bureau of
Indian Standards.
3. “Energy Conservation Building Code”

1ST HOUR
UNIT IV FIRE SAFETY ‑ GENERAL PROVISIONS 9

Causes of fire in buildings
Before going to the syllabus – An intro

The Great Fire of London:
-Happened in September 1666
-Death toll - six people, yet a great many others died through
indirect causes.
London in 1666
-Buildings made of timber and tightly packed together.
-The upper floors often projected out above the lower floors.
-Many warehouses which mainly stored combustible goods, as
oil.
-Before – had a long, dry summer.
How did the Great Fire start?
- Started in the baker, Thomas Faynor’s shop.

1ST HOUR
What happened in the Great Fire?

-there was no organized fire brigade
-They used leather buckets, axes and water squirts which had
little effect on the fire.
-Samuel Pepys was - Clerk to the Royal Navy.
- he recommended to the King - to pull down the buildings.
- The Mayor was ordered to pull down the houses using fire
hooks but the fire continued to spread.
How did they put out the Great Fire?
-Navy was called.
- Using gunpowder – blowen up the house on the path of fire.
- By the next morning, this had successfully stopped the fire.
Result:
-Temporary buildings - ill equipped and disease easily spread.

-Many people died from the harsh winter that followed.
- London – Totally reconstructed using stones.

2ND HOUR
Causes of fire in buildings:
The following are the chief causes of fire in the buildings,
Smoking,
Electrical wiring,
Heating and Cooking Equipment,
Children Playing with Matches,
Open Flames and Sparks,
Flammable Liquids,
Suspected Arson
It can be defined as the act of intentionally burning property in order to
cause destruction or harm. The burning or exploding of commercial and
public buildings such as restaurants ,schools, structures,and bridges
constitutes arson if it is done with an intent .
Chimneys,
Lighting,
Spontaneous Combustion,
Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) may result in simple burns and
blisters to the skin, smoking. Smoking is the form most often recognized
as SHC.

2ND HOUR
There are different types of fire in houses or commercial buildings such as:
1. Electrical fires.
2. Gas fires.
3. Liquid fires:
4. Organic fires.
Electrical fires:
In the cases of electrical fire in residential houses the following steps are to be
taken in initial stage:
1. Switch off main power by turning off the main switch in the house – we can
isolate the short circuit
2. Using a portable multipurpose home fire extinguisher is the best and safest
way to extinguish electrical short circuit fire confined in small area in the house.
Gas fires:
Cooking gas cylinders - more dangerous source of fire hazards which require
immediate call to the fire brigade for fire fighting and extinguishing fire
caused by oil and gases.

2ND HOUR
Liquid fires:
Liquid like gasoline, petrol or spirit may cause fire breaks out in houses and
multiplexes.
Dos:
1. Using safety blanket to cover the liquid fire confined in a small area is one of
the best way to extinguish liquid fires in initial stage.
2. Multipurpose home fire extinguisher may be used to extinguish liquid fire at
initial stage only.
3. In case uncontrolled and extensive liquid fires fire brigade must be called
immediately for such liquid fire fighting.
Don'ts:
Never throw water over the liquid fire as the liquid fire will get more oxygen from
sprinkle water causing more flare up of liquid fires.

2ND HOUR
Organic fires:
Organic fires like wood, papers and other waste materials are the most common
sources of home fires. Organic fires should be extinguished immediately to avoid
further spread in the h0uses or buildings.
Step 1. The best and effective use of bulk quantity of water at a time to extinguish
organic fires.
Step 2. Thick safety blanket can also be effectively uses to completely cover the
small confined organic fires area . This process will block outside oxygen contact
with the fire and resist organic fires to flare up.
Step 3. Using multipurpose home fire extinguisher can be the equipment to fight
immediately with fires from organic substances.

2ND HOUR
Fires in residential house:
Kitchen fires
kitchen appliances - left unattended
Home heating appliances:

Home appliances - electric room heaters and ironing equipment
Candle fires:
Unattended lighted
Careless smoking habits:

Smoking cigarette sitting on home articles like sofa or bed
Old, damaged and sub-standard electrical House wiring and accessories:

All such electrical accessories should be checked by authorized electrician
at regular intervals at least once in 3 years for proper insulations as per
standard electricity rules.

2ND HOUR
Fires in residential house:

Source: Tropical fire research series

2ND HOUR

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2ND HOUR

2ND HOUR

2ND HOUR
Fires in residential apartment and commercial buildings
• Emergency evacuation plans: emergency exits in the building is top most

important.
• Mock drills at regular intervals
• Keep Oxygen cylinders and Masks in safe and visible place: Kept on the top
floor as an emergency requirement for any person having respiratory problem
• Medical first aid kits: On every floor - a well equipped medical kit
• Emergency light: All the floors including stairs - should be provided with
emergency battery operated lights for the facility of emergency escape.
• Updating fire fighting equipments kept in each floor of the building: Checking of
all fire fighting equipments at regular interval

2ND HOUR
OFFICES: Smoking:
Historically, many fires occurred in government buildings due to the
careless disposal of smoking material into wastepaper baskets.
As a result of the no-smoking ban inside government buildings, such fires
have become very uncommon.
Electronic office equipment

we are seeing an increase in fire incidents due to
faulty electrical equipment and power distribution systems.
Examples of such unsafe conditions are as follows:

damaged electrical conductors, plug wires or extension cords;
use of faulty, modified or unapproved electrical equipment;
insufficient space or clearance between electrical heating equipment and
combustibles;
short or overloaded circuits;
loose electrical connections; and lighting.

2ND HOUR
Fire and smoke spread in buildings:
When fire is confined inside buildings,

the fire behaves differently.
The smoke rising from the fire gets trapped
inside the space by the immediate ceiling, then
spreads horizontally across the space
deepening all the time until the entire space is
filled.
The smoke will also pass through any holes or

gaps in the walls, ceiling or floor and get into
other parts of the building.
It moves rapidly up staircases or lift wells and

into any areas that are left open, or rooms
which have open doors connecting to the
staircase corridors.

2ND HOUR
The heat from the building gets

trapped inside, raising the
temperature very rapidly.
The toxic smoke and gases are an

added danger to people inside the
building, who must be able to escape
quickly to a safe location.
Common causes of fire and

consequences:
(Based on a study in UK)

2ND HOUR
Sources of accidental fires:

(Based on a study in UK)

2ND HOUR
Consequences of fire are:

• Death – although this is a very real risk, relatively few people die in building fires
The main causes of all deaths were,

1.overcome of gas or smoke – 46 %
2.burns – 27 %
3.burns and overcome by gas or smoke – 20 %
4.other – 7%
Clearly gas and smoke are the main risks.
Personal injury – some 1395 people were injured (12%) of total injuries in all
fires. (Based on a study in UK)
Building damage – can be very significant, particularly if the building materials

have poor resistance to fire and there is little or no built-in-fire protection.
Flora and fauna damage – can be significant, particularly in a hot draught or

forest fire.

2ND HOUR
Loss of business and jobs – it is estimated that about 40 % of business do not

start up again after a significant fire. Many are under- or not insured and small
companies often cannot afford the time and expense of setting up again when they
probably still have old debts to service.
Transport disruption – rail routes, roads and even airports are sometimes closed
because of a serious fire. The worst case was of course 11 september 2001 in the
USA when airports around the world were disrupted.
Environmental damage from the fire and/or fighting the fire – firefighting water,
the products of combustion and exploding building materials, such as asbestos
cement roofs, can contaminate significant areas around the fire site.

3RD HOUR
LIFE SAFETY:
General Exit Requirements:
• Exit – doorways, corridor,
-Passageway(s) to an internal staircase, or external staircase, or to a
VERANDAH or terrace(s), which have access to the street, or to the roof of a
building or a refuge area.
- horizontal exit leading to an adjoining building at the same level.
• Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exits.
• Exit, exit access or exit discharge - continuously maintained free of all

obstructions
• Exits – in sufficient numbers  as per DCR.
• Alteration to the size or the number of exits – not permitted.
• Exits – Clearly visible and

•route – clearly marked and signs posted.
•Signs – should be illuminated and wired by independent electrical circuit.
•Colour of exist sign – green

3RD HOUR
• Fire Doors – to have 2hour fire resistance
Particularly at the entrance to lift lobby and stair
Reason – to avoid the funnel or flue effect  upward spread of fire.
• Exits – shall provide continuous means of egress (Way out).
• Exits – should be reached without passing through another occupied unit.
Occupant Load:
• For determining the exist required – number of persons within any floor or the
occupant load is the base.

3RD HOUR
Mezzanine floor – occupant load  taken by the floor below.

3RD HOUR
Capacities of Exits:
• Exit width – 500 mm
- clear width of additional 250mm  taken as additional half unit.
- clear width less than 250mm  not counted.
Note: Total occupants from a particular floor –

should evacuate – within 2½ minutes  for Type I construction.
- within 1½ minutes  for Type II construction.
- within 1 minutes  for Type III construction.
Size of the exit door - calculated according to the travel distance.

3RD HOUR
Occupants per unit exit width:
Group of occupancy Number of occupants Number of Number of

(Stairway) occupants occupants
(Ramps) (Doors)
Residential(A) 25 50 75
Educational(B) 25 50 75
Institutional(C) 25 50 75
Assembly(D) 40 50 60
Business(E) 50 60 75
Mercantile(F) 50 60 76
industrial(G) 50 60 75
Storage(H) 50 60 75
Hazardous(J) 25 30 40

3RD HOUR
Travel distance for occupancy and type of construction:
Group of occupancy Maximum travel distance Maximum travel distance

(Type 1 & 2) (Type 3 & 4)
Meters meters
Residential(A) 30 22.5
Educational(B) 30 22.5
Institutional(C) 30 22.5
Assembly(D) 30 30
Business(E) 30 30
Mercantile(F) 30 30
industrial(G) 45 0
Storage(H) 30 0
Hazardous(J) 22.5 0

3RD HOUR
•For buildings 15 m in height or above non-combustible materials should be used

for construction and the internal walls of staircase enclosures should be of brick
work or reinforced concrete or any other material of construction with minimum of
2 h rating.
•The walls for the chimney shall be of Type 1 and Type 2 Construction depending
on whether the gas temperature is above 200”C or less.

3RD HOUR

3RD HOUR
Arrangement of exits:
Travel distance – from the dead end of a corridor, shall not exceed half the
distance specified.
- In assembly and institutional  it shall not exceed 6 m.
• More than one exit required  then it should be placed as remote as possible.
Number of exits:
• Height – if more than 15m and used as educational, assembly, institutional,
industrial, storage, and hazardous occupancies and mixed occupancies
•Floor area – more than 500 sq meters
Minimum of two staircases
 And atleast one staircase – shall be on external wall and shall
open directly to the exterior, interior open space or to an open place
of safety.

3RD HOUR
Doorways:
•Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway or a horizontal exit of a
corridor or passageway providing continuous and protected means of egress.
• Min 1000 mm is width except assembly buildings – 2000 mm

• height – min 2000 mm.
• should open outward and should not obstruct the travel along the exit.
• Width of stairway or landing – not less than 900 mm
• No overhead or sliding doors.
In Central corridor – the doors of rooms shall open inward.
• Exit doorway – not open immediately upon a flight of stairs,

• landing equal to at least the width of the door – needed.
• level of landing – same as that of the floor
• Should be openable without the key, from the sideway.
•Mirrors shall not be placed – to avoid confusion.

3RD HOUR
Corridors and passageways:

• Where Staircase discharge though a corridor and passageway, the height of
corridors and passageways shall be not less than 2.4 m
• Lift lobbies and corridors shall be adequately ventilated.
Internal Staircases:
• constructed of noncombustible materials throughout.
• constructed as a self contained unit with an external wall of the building

constituting at least one of its sides and shall be completely enclosed.
• A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft.
• Hollow combustible construction shall not be permitted.
• No gas piping or electrical panels shall be allowed.
• Ducting in stairway may be permitted if it is of 1 h fire resistance rating.

3RD HOUR
• Minimum width of tread - 250mm without nosing for residential buildings.

- 300 mm for other buildings.
• Height of riser – 190 mm for residential buildings
-150 mm for other buildings.
Max no of risers – 15 per flight.
• Handrail – for 1000 mm

4TH HOUR
Design of Staircase:
•Minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the
staircase shall be 2.2 m.
• For building 15 m in height or more, access to main staircase shall be through

afire/smoke check door of a minimum 2 h fire resistance rating. Fire resistance
rating may be reduced to 1 h for residential buildings (except hotels and starred
hotels).
• No living space, store or other fire risk shall open directly into the staircase or
staircases.
• External exit door of staircase enclosure at ground level shall open directly to
the open spaces or through a large lobby, if necessary.
• The main and external staircases shall be continuous from ground floor to the
terrace level.
• No electrical shafts/AC ducts or gas pipes, etc, shall pass through or open in
the staircases. Lifts shall not open in staircase.

4TH HOUR
• No combustible material shall be used for decoration/wall paneling in the

staircase.
• Beams/columns and other building features shall not reduce the head
room/width of the staircase.
•The exit sign with arrow indicating the way to the escape route shall be
provided at a suitable height from the floor level on the wall and shall be
illuminated by electric light connected to corridor circuits. All exit way marking
signs should be flush with the wall and so designed that no mechanical damage
shall occur to them due to moving of furniture or other heavy equipments.
Further, all landings of floor shall have floor indicating boards prominently
indicating the number of floor as per bye-laws.
The floor indication board shall be placed on the wall immediately facing the
flight of stairs and nearest to the landing. It shall be of size not less than 0.5 m x
0.5 m.
• Individual floors shall be prominently indicated on the wall facing the

staircases.

4TH HOUR
• In case of single staircase it shall terminate at the ground floor level and the
access to the basement shall be by a separate staircase. The second staircase
may lead to basement levels provided the same is separate at ground level by
ventilated lobby with discharge points to two different ends through enclosures.

4TH HOUR
Pressurization of Staircase:
• Compartmentation – vital part in limiting the spread of fire.
Since – smoke spread through leakage openings.
• Pressurization – method adopted for protected escape routes.
•Pressurization and normal staircase – together in a same building should be

avoided.
If at all needed – it should be segregated.
• In pressurization, air is injected into the staircases, lobbies or corridors, to raise

their pressure slightly above the pressure in adjacent parts of the building.
• As a result, ingress of smoke or toxic gases into the escape routes will be
prevented.
•The pressurization of staircases shall be adopted for high rise buildings and
building having mixed occupancy/ multiplexes having covered area more than 500
m2.

4TH HOUR
Pressurization difference as under

- shall not be greater than 5 pa.
Pressurization system – two types

1. Single stage – operated during emergency.
2. Two-stage
- normally a level of pressurization is maintained in protected
escape routes.
- increased level is brought into operation in an emergency.
Effects on AC – due to pressurization in emergency:

•Re-circulation of air – shall be stopped.
- all exhaust air vented to atmosphere.
•Air supply to the spaces, other than escape routes shall be stopped.
•Exhaust system – general air flow away from the protected escape route entry.
- will not be rendered inoperable by hot gases and
smoke.
- no danger of spread of smoke to other floors – by
keeping the extraction fans running.
Pressurization system - interconnected with fire alarm system.

4TH HOUR
External Stairs
•External stairs shall always be kept in sound operable conditions.
•All external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
•Entrance to the external stairs shall be separate and remote from the internal
staircase.
•Care shall be taken to ensure that no wall opening or window opens onto or
close to an external stairs.
•The route to the external stairs shall be free of obstructions at all times.
•The external stairs shall be constructed of noncombustible materials, and any

doorway leading to it shall have the required fire resistance.
•No external staircase, used as a fire escape, shall be inclined at an angle greater
than 45° from the horizontal.

4TH HOUR
•External stairs shall have straight flight not less than 1250 mm wide with 250 mm
treads and risers not more than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be
limited to 15 per flight.
•Handrails shall be of a height not less than 1000 mm and not exceding 1200 mm.
There shall be provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.
•The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building
not exceeding 9 m in height.
•A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1500 mm in diameter and shall be
designed to give adequate headroom.
•Unprotected steel frame staircase will not be accepted as means of escape.

However, steel staircase in an enclosed fire rated compartment of 2 h will be
accepted as means of escape.

5th
HOUR
Horizontal Exits:
•The width of horizontal exit shall be same as for the exit doorways.
•A horizontal exit shall be equipped with at least one fire/smoke door of minimum
1 h fire resistance, of self-closing type. Further, it is required to have direct
connectivity to the fire escape staircase for evacuation.
•For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area

equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two
consecutive floors, whichever is higher, shall be provided as under:
The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a
cantilever projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable
railings.
a) For floors above 24 m and Up to 39 m — One refuge area on the floor
immediately above 24 m.
b) For floors above 39 m — One refuge area on the floor immediately above 39 m
and so on after every 15 m. Refuge area provided in excess of the requirements
shall be counted towards FAR.

5TH HOUR
NOTE—Residential flats in multi-storied building with balcony, need not be

provided with refuge area, however flats without balcony shall provide refuge area
as given above.
•Where there is a difference in level between connected areas for horizontal exits,
ramps, not more than 1 in 10 m slope shall be provided; steps shall not be used.
•Doors in horizontal exits shall be openable at all times from both sides.

5TH HOUR
Fire tower:
An enclosed staircase which can only be approached from the various floors
through landings or lobbies separated from both the floor areas and the staircase
by fire-resisting doors, and open to the outer air.
• Preferred type of escape route.

• Number, location and size – depends on the building.
• High rise building – over 8 storeys or 24 m
- atleast one means of egress  shall preferably be a fire tower.
• Constructed on walls – with 2h fire resistance.
Ramps:
• requirements – same as staircase.
• slope – shall not exceed 1 in 10.
- in certain cases  steeper slope but not greater than 1 in 8.
- slopes exceeding 1 in 10  should be surfaced with approved non-
slipping material.

5TH HOUR
Fire Lifts
•Where applicable, fire lifts shall be provided with a minimum capacity for 8
passengers and fully automated with emergency switch on ground level. In
general, buildings 15 m in height or above shall be provided with fire lifts.
•In case of fire, only fireman shall operate the fire lift. In normal course, it may be
used by other persons.
•Each fire lift shall be equipped with suitable inter-communication equipment for
communicating with the control room on the’ ground floor of the building.
•The number and location of fire lifts in a building shall be decided after taking into
consideration various factors like building population, floor area,
compartmentalization, etc.

5TH HOUR
Emergency and escape lighting:

•It should be capable of
- indicating clearly and unambiguously the escape routes.
- providing adequate illumination  safe movement of persons.
- fire alarm call points and fire-fighting equipments  provided along the
escape routes can be readily located.
• horizontal luminance at floor level – in escape route along the centerline = 10 lux.
• emergency lighting – should be put on within 1 second.
• location – near each intersection of corridors.

- at each exit door,
- near change of direction
- near each staircase
- near any other change of floor level,
- outside each final exit and close to it,
- near each fire alarm call point,
- near fire fighting equipments,
- near exit and safety signs.
Near means = within 2 m measured horizontally.

5TH HOUR
Emergency and escape lighting:

• shall be mounted as low as possible – but alteast 2m above the floor level.
• light fittings – shall be of non-flammable type.
• emergency lighting – continuous operation for a min of 1h and 30 minutes 
even in smallest premises.

5TH HOUR
Fire protection requirements – High rise building.

High rise  15m in height or above.
As per CMDA – It is called as multistoried building (MSB)
- 15m in height and above
- G+3 or Stilts + 4.
Additional Provisions:
• Width of the main street – Not < 12m
one end of the street – shall join another street of not < 12 m
• Road shall not terminate in a dead end.
Exception – residential building upto 30 m in height.
• Compulsory open spaces – around the building  shall not be used for parking.
• Adequate passageway and clearances – for fire fighting vehicles to enter the
premises.
width of such entrance – not < 4.5 m
arch or covered gate – clear head room  not < 5 m

5TH HOUR
In Construction:
• Load bearing elements, stairways and corridors – only non-combustible materials.
• Interior finish materials – shall not have a flame spread ability.
In Staircase:
• Internal wall – shall be of brick or reinforced concrete  2h fire rating.
• shall be vented to the atmosphere at each landing and at the top.
-Vent opening  min 0.5 sq m .
-If cannot be ventilated  a positive pressure of 50 pa shall be maintained
inside.
 roof of the shaft – shall be 1m above the surrounding roof.
• If glazing or glass brick – it shall have min 2h fire resistance rating.

5TH HOUR

5TH HOUR
• Slope – in the floor of lift lobby  prevent water used during fire fighting, at any
landing from entering the lift shafts.
• Sing posted on every floor or near the lift  that in case of fire, occupants shall
use the stairs unless instructed otherwise.
- it should also contain the plan for each floor – showing the locations of
the stairways.
Fire lifts:
• 1 fire lift per 1200 sq m of floor area – shall be provided.
• Lift – floor area  not less than 1.4 sq m.
- loading capacity – 545 Kg (8 persons) with automatic closing door of
min 0.8 m width.
• Should be provided with ceiling hatch – it shall be openable when car gets
stuck up.
• During power failure – it should trip over to alternate supply.
In Apartments – changeover can be done manually.
lift shaft – it should come down at the ground level and comes to stand-
still with door open.
• This lift – can be used by occupants in normal times.
• Fire lift – shall be displayed in all floors.
• Speed – should reach from the top floor to ground floor within 1 minute.

4TH HOUR
Basements:
• Each basement – separately ventilated.
vent – cross section area (aggregate) not < 2.5 % of the floor area.
– spread all around the perimeter of the basement
– in the form of grill, shaft, etc.
• Alternatively – air inlet level  floor level
Smoke outlet – ceiling level
These ducts – terminated at ground level.
• Staircase – situated at the periphery of the building.
- to be entered at the ground level
• intake ducts – shall serve all the basement (Floors)
But – outlet ducts – separate for all floors.
• Use of basement – for kitchens (Gas cylinder)  not permitted unless air-
conditioned.
• In long buildings – fire separation walls  shall not exceed 40 m
Lighting:
• Staircase and corridor – connected to alternative supply
- Should be operated from ground floor  for fire fighting men to
control.
• Stand-by electric generator  shall be installed.
4TH HOUR
Air – conditioning:
• duct – substantial gauge metal.
• AHU – shall be separate for each floors.
air ducts – no way interconnected with the ducting of other floor.

4TH HOUR
Fire protection:
Under ground – fire fighting water tank

4TH HOUR
Fire fighting water tank

pecial features required for physically handicapped and elderly in building types: 6th hour
Physically challenged (Disabled or Handicapped):
• Disability (or lack of a given ability, as the "dis" qualifier denotes) in

humans may be physical, cognitive/mental, sensory, emotional,
developmental or some combination of these.
• Problem in body function or structure;

• An activity limitation
• Participation restriction (Sports)
Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction

between features of a person’s body and features of the society in
which he or she lives."
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An individual may also qualify as disabled if he/she has had an impairment

in the past or is seen as disabled based on a personal or group standard or
norm.
Such impairments may include physical, sensory, and cognitive or

developmental disabilities.
Mental disorders and various types of chronic disease (long lasting illness)
may also qualify as disabilities.
Some advocates object to describing certain conditions (notably deafness )

as "disabilities“.
Building Services -
The goal of barrier free design is to provide

•An environment that supports the independent functioning of individuals
so that they can get to, and participate without assistance, in everyday
activities such as procurement of goods and services, community living,
employment, and leisure.
Although the recommendations are concerned exclusively with the

requirements of disabled people but the facilities will invariable make
buildings more convenient for elderly persons and persons suffering from
any kind of physical ailments.
A safer, easier environment for the physically disabled benefits everyone.
Presumption – all elderly are handicapped
Building Services -
•It must be clearly understood that barrier-free goes far beyond just a ramp
and has many other necessary aspects.
•These range from door and passage widths to flooring surface, from
counter heights to door handles and railings, from signage and auditory
signal to tactile guides.
Building Services -
Guiding principle: trip chain – to determine barrier

free
Eg) home to a working – Journey
- to go from home to sidewalk or pathway
- to enter in a vehicle
- to go out of the vehicle to sidewalks or pathways near the working
place
- to reach the entrance of the building
- to enter the building
- to move around in the building
- to enter the office or other kind of place for work
- to reach the working station
Each part could be divided in more details.
If only one link is not accessible, then the journey becomes
impossible.
Building Services -
With respect to buildings:

Access to building in its four main components:
- to reach: ramps
- to enter: entrances
- to move around: corridors, elevators, stairs and signage
- to use: doors, toilets, operating mechanisms and fixed
features
Building Services -
Anthropometrics and dimension:
Dimension and size of a wheel chair

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Building Services -
Min width – 900 mm  after the clearance space
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Forward reach
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Side reach
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Building Services -
Space allowance for a wheelchair user:

(Corridor)
Minimum
diameter –
1500mm
Preferable –
1700mm
Min width – 900 mm

If continuous corridor:
maneuvering of wheelchair users through lateral
doors, a continuous width of 120 cm –
recommended.
Building Services -
The minimum unobstructed width of a public corridor is 150 cm

and the recommended width is 180 cm.
Building Services -
For 90° turn, a width of 90 cm is sufficient if the minimum length of

corridor available after the corner and any maneuver is at least
120 cm.
Building Services -
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For 180° turn, the

minimum width is 110
cm but 120 cm is highly
recommended to allow
the comfortable
maneuver.
The minimum depth of

the area for turn is 125
cm and preferably 140
cm.
Building Services -
Dimensions for walking aids users:
•Ground and floor surfaces should be even and slip resistant.

•Resting places should be provided along travel routes.
Building Services -
Dimensions for blind persons:

• Use of contrasted colors
and changes in texture of
the floor material.
• To minimize the risk of

hazards, obstacles,
protruding elements and
low overhanging signs
have to be avoided in the
pathway.
• Braille and visual

information should be
doubled with audible
information
Building Services -
Obstructions:
• If at all needed, can be placed along a

continuous line.
•Exceptionally, a width of 80 cm could
be allowed on a length of 60 cm
maximum
Building Services -
Space below stairs should be blocked out completely by protective rails

or marked with tactile surface
Building Services -
Overhanging signs should be

mounted at least at 2 m from the
floor level
In long corridor, to allow a

complete turn for wheelchair users,
a minimum width of 150 cm is
recommended for the corridor.
Building Services -
Signage:
• Aims to minimize anxiety and confusion
• Color of signs should be contrasted – clearly distinguishable
• Increased use of pictures – for people with learning disabilities.
• Standards: rectangular information signboards, triangular
warning signboards, and circular interdictory signboards.
• Signs should not be placed behind glass – it will confuse.
• The smallest letter should not be less than 15 mm.
There are four main functional typologies

- Information signs: maps, explanation for use of different
equipments, …
- Directional signs: direct the user to a destination with arrow marks
aiding text,
- Identification (or Location) signs: installed at specific individual
destinations, indicate the location of a room, service, desk, …
- Warning signs: installed for the safety of users (either warning or
prohibitory signs), for example, fire exit signs.
Building Services -
Signage:
•It should not obstruct any movement path and, if suspended, should
have minimum clear headroom of 2 m from the finished floor.
•If the signage is floor-based and freestanding, then there should be a
detectable barrier at the floor level for the white cane users (Walking
stick).
Building Services -
Parking:
Accessible parking spaces should be located not more than 50 m
from accessible building entrances
Building Services -
Parking:
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•A textured surface at
least 60 cm wide is
needed to separate the
pathway from the
vehicular area to avoid
hazards for people with
vision impairments.
•Another solution could

be the use of bollards
Building Services -
Ramps:
• Ramp should be
adjacent to the stairs.
• Recommended slope
of ramps is 5 %.
Building Services -
Landing areas:
• Landings should be provided every 10 m,
at every change of direction and
at the top and the bottom of the ramp.
The minimum length of the landing area is 1.40 m and the min.
width has to be equal to the width of the ramp.
Width:
• Min 90 cm and preferably 120 cm
• overcrowded place, a width of 160 cm at least
• A border to drive out the wheel is recommended
Building Services -
Handrails:
• On both side of the ramps are
always recommended
• Double handrails at different

height are recommended
one at a height of 70 cm
from the ground level for the use
of the children and wheelchair
users, one at a height of 90 cm for
the use of other users.
•The handrails should be extended

at the top and at the bottom of the
ramp on a distance of at least 30
cm
•The handrails color should be

contrasted.
Building Services -
A tactile marking with contrasted colors should be placed at the top and
the bottom of the ramp to alert people with vision impairments. The width
of the marking has to be at least 60 cm.
Building Services -
Entrances:
•In order to allow the maneuver of the door, sufficient space should be
provided on both sides of the door.
•The area of maneuver should be flat and firm.
the approach : frontal or lateral
- the push or pull side of the door
landing area (out of

clearances of doors) of
1.40 x 1.40 m in front of
the entrance to allow
operating doors.
Frontal
Building Services -
900 mm min – single

leaf door
800 mm min for double

leaf door - clear
Building Services -
A maximum change in level of 2 Cm

is
permissible if clearly visible and
beveled with a slope lesser than 1:3
or with
chamfer.
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Door handle:
A maximum change in level of 2 Cm is permissible if clearly visible and

beveled with a slope lesser than 1:3 or with chamfer.
Building Services -
Two-way swing doors must be equipped with glazing in order to

have a clear vision panel between 80 and 150 cm from the floor
level.
Building Services -
Elevators and platform lifts:
Highly recommended – for

Hospitals.
Access to elevator:
The call button will be located at a maximum

height of 130 cm from the floor level and a
minimum distance of 40 cm from the adjacent
wall if the elevator is situated near a corner.
Building Services -
The automatic door-reopening device is activated if an object passes

through an horizontal line situated at 12.5cm and an horizontal line
situated at 75cm from the floor level
Building Services -
Doors of the elevator
Min door opening – 800mm
preferably – 900 mm
•The maximum tolerance
admitted for stop precision is 2
cm. (Floor level)
Internal dimensions:
•Min - 1.1 x 1.3 m
• A wheelchair user is not able
to maneuver in the car and
often he has to go backwards
in order to quit the car. In this
purpose, it is recommended to
put a mirror in the elevator car.
•high-frequented buildings, the

minimum internal dimensions
recommended are 1.3 x 2 m
Building Services -
Control panel:
•located at a height between
90 cm and 135 cm
•Numbers are embossed to

be identifiable by touch and
with contrasted colors.
•All control buttons shall be

also in Braille.
•Audiovisual signals – recommended.
The inside of the elevator car should have handrails on three side
mounted 80 to 85 cm from the floor.
Building Services -
Platform lifts:
•A vertical movement platform lift may be installed adjacent to the

stairs for maximum 2.5 m level changes
•The minimum width of the lift is 90 cm and the minimum length is 120
cm.
Building Services -
Stairs:
Width
•The minimum width of stairs is 90 cm for one-way traffic.
•For high-frequented buildings, the minimum width is 140 cm.
Landing areas
•Intermediate flat landing areas
should be provided when the
difference in level is more than 2.5 m
•On any flight of stairs, all steps

shall have uniform riser heights
and uniform tread widths.
•Open risers and projecting

nosing should be avoided to
minimize the risk of stumbling
Building Services -
•The maximum riser dimension is 18 cm

and the minimum tread dimension is 28
cm
•Nosing and tactile marking (Only in

unavoidable cases)
Textural marking strip

should be provided at
the top and bottom of
stairs and at
intermediate landings
Building Services -
•For people with sight impairment,

the nose of steps should be with
contrasted colors and preferably
different textures
Configuration
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Handrails
• Installed on both sides of the stairs and should be extended at least

30 cm before the first step and beyond the last step of the stairs
Building Services -
• Installed at an approximate height of 90 cm and could be doubled

by a second handrail at an approximate height of 70 cm for children
and small size users
Building Services -
•Handrails should be provided with rounded form for better grip

with a cross section around 4cm diameter
Building Services -
Internal doors:
Min width – 800 mm accepted.
900 mm – only for main
door could be provided with a 30
•Doors
cm high kick plate at the lower part
to protect the door from wheelchair
footrests.
•For spring mounted doors, an extra

pull handle of 30 cm length could be
provided at a distance between 20
and 30 cm from the hinge side and
at a height of around 100 cm from
the floor level to facilitate closing.
•All operational devices must have contrasted colors with their

surroundings and the doors should be color contrasted with the wall.
Building Services -
Toilets:
The ease of transferring from a wheelchair to a toilet seat depends on the

approach.
There are four different approaches:

- the parallel or axial approach, which is the easiest,
- the diagonal approach, which is difficult,
- the perpendicular approach, which is also difficult,
- the frontal approach, which is the most difficult.
Building Services -
Dimensions:
A toilet cubicle designed for

wheelchair user should be of internal
dimensions not less than
1.50 x 1.50 m with a clear space not
less than 80 cm wide and 130 cm
length next to the water
closet
Building Services -
Door has to open outwards unless

sufficient space is provided within the
toilet
cubicle of 1.5 x 1.5 m - min
•A space of maneuver has to be

provided outside of the toilet
adjacent to the door to allow the
wheelchair user to maneuver in
order to enter backward in the
toilet after the opening of the
door.
Building Services -
•The distance between the toilet axe and the

adjacent wall has to be between 45 and 50
cm
•To facilitate the transfer, the height of the seat has to
be as more as possible equal to the height of the
wheelchair seat, between 45 and 50 cm
•The distance of the tap/toilet roll-dispenser from the

front edge of the seat has to be less than 30cm. The
height of it from the top edge of the seat has to be
between 25 and 50 cm.
Building Services -
Washbasin:
For wheelchair users:
•The top edge of the washbasin must be between 80 and 85 cm
from the finished floor level
•The washbasin should be mounted such that the distance between
the centerline of the fixture and the adjacent wall is at least 45 cm
•There should be a minimum

free knee space of 75 cm
width, 20 cm depth and 75 cm
height with an additional toe
space of at least 75 cm width,
23 cm depth and 23 cm
height from the finished floor
as shown in the following
picture
Building Services -
For walking aids users or standing person with reduced

mobility:
•The top edge of the washbasin is
around 95 cm from the finished floor
level.
•A grab bar adjacent at a height of 95 cm
is highly recommended
Building Services -
Urinals:
•They should be of the wall hung type

with the rim not more than 43 cm from
the floor and a clear floor space of 75
cm width x 120 cm depth without steps
in front of it.
•They should be grab-bars on either

side extending from 90 cm to 150 cm
above the finished floor level and with a
minimum distance of 12 cm between
the bar and the wall.
•The flush, if manually operated, should

be located between 90 cm and 130 cm
from the finished floor level.
Building Services -
Operating mechanisms and fixed features:
Building Services -
Horizontal reach: the minimum distance between the

operating mechanism and the adjacent wall is 40 cm
Building Services -
The forward reach over an obstruction is limited to 50 cm for a

wheelchair user
Building Services -
INSTRUCTIONS TO AIDE PERSONS REQUIRING ASSISTANCE TO

EVACUATE
Individuals who require assistance:
• Those who are blind, have impaired vision, are deaf or have hearing
impairments
• Woman who are pregnant
• Persons with temporary conditions such as a broken leg or sprained
ankle
• Individuals with arthritis
• Persons with hidden disabilities, such as heart problems
• Individuals who have breathing difficulties such as asthma
It is important that these people are recognized in order to ensure they
are able to exit the building in a safe and timely manner.
Building Services -
Only persons professionally and regularly trained in these

lifting techniques should attempt to evacuate persons
requiring assistance.
THE BACK LIFT
The rescuer will kneel in front of the person and place the
person’s arm up and over the rescuer’s shoulder and across
his/her chest. The rescuer will then lean forward, before rising
slowly to a full standing position.
Building Services -
TWO RESCUER SEAT CARRY:
Building Services -
TWO RESCUER SEAT CARRY:
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TWO RESCUER EXTREMITIES CARRY:
Building Services -
CRADLE TECHNIQUE:
Building Services -
CHAIR CARRY TECHNIQUE:
Building Services -
Evac Chair:
Building Services -
General guidelines:
•Physically handicapped occupants should be moved down the

fire stairwell to the uppermost floor served by an uninvolved
elevator bank, and then be moved by elevator under the
direction of fire officials.
•Seriously handicapped persons should be assisted by

assigned floor evacuation team members.
•Locating the desks of handicapped persons in a work area

near an exit will make their evacuation easier.
Building Services -
Fire Protection:
•Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of fires
• It involves the study of the
behaviour,
compartmentalisation,
suppression and
investigation of fire and
its related emergencies, as well as the research and development, production,
testing and application of mitigating systems.
Fire protection has three major goals:

Continuity of operations - on a public scale, this is intended to prevent the
interruption of critical services necessary for the public welfare
Property protection - on a public scale, this is intended to prevent area wide

conflagrations. (Great and Destructive fire) At an individual building level, this
is typically an insurance consideration (e.g., a requirement for financing), or a
regulatory requirement.
Life safety - the minimum standard used in fire and building codes
Structural fire protection (in land-based buildings, offshore construction
or onboard ships) is typically achieved via three means:
•Passive fire protection -- use of integral, fire-resistance rated wall and

floor assemblies that are used to form fire compartments intended to limit
the spread of fire, or occupancy separations, or firewalls, to keep fires, high
temperatures and flue gases within the fire compartment of origin, thus
enabling firefighting and evacuation
•Active fire protection -- manual and automatic detection and suppression

of fires, as in using and installing a Fire Sprinkler system or finding the fire
(Fire alarm) and/or extinguishing it
•Education -- ensuring that building owners and operators have copies and
a working understanding of the applicable building and fire codes, having a
purpose-designed fire safety plan and ensuring that building occupants,
operators and emergency personnel know the building, its means of Active
fire protection and Passive fire protection, its weak spots and strengths to
ensure the highest possible level of safety.
Balanced Approach
•Passive fire protection (PFP) in the form of compartmentalisation was
developed prior to the invention of or widespread use of active fire protection
(AFP), mainly in the form of automatic fire sprinkler systems.
•During this time, PFP was the dominant mode of protection provided in facility
designs.
•With the widespread installation of fire sprinklers in the past 50 years, the
reliance on PFP as the only approach was reduced.
•Lobby groups are typically divided into two camps favouring active or passive
fire protection.
•Each camp tries to garner more business for itself through its influence in
establishing or changing local and national building and fire codes.
•At present, the camp favouring AFP appears to be leading, because of the
factors mentioned above.
Reasons:
•The relatively recent inclusion of performance based or objective based
codes, which have a greater emphasis on life safety than property protection,
tend to support AFP initiatives, and can lead to the justification for a lesser
degree of fire resistant rated construction.
•At times it works the other way around, as firewalls that protrude through the
roof structure are used to "sub-divide" buildings such that the separated parts
are of smaller area and contain smaller fire hazards, and do not necessarily
require sprinklers.
•The decision to favour AFP versus PFP in the design of a new building may
be affected by the lifecycle costs. Lifecycle costs can be shifted from capital to
operational budgets and vice versa.
Building Operation in conformance with Design
Deviations from that original plan should be made known to the Authorities.
The sprinkler system or fire alarm system is inoperable for lack of

knowledgeable maintenance, or if the building occupants prop open a fire
door and then run a carpet through, the likelihood of damage and casualties
is increased. It is vital for everyone to realise that fire protection within a
structure is a system that relies on all of its components.
Fire Safety – During Construction:
Fire Protection Plan:
• Written Fire Protection Plan shall be developed for significant or complex
construction projects – approved by the authorities.
Fire Department Access Roadways:

• All construction sites shall be accessible by fire department apparatus by
means of roadways having an all-weather driving service of not less than 20
feet of unobstructed width (7.2m for as per NBC)
• The roads shall have the ability to withstand the live loads of fire apparatus,
and have a minimum 13½ feet (13 feet 6 inches) of vertical clearance. (4.5
m as per NBC)
• Dead end fire access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided
with approved turnarounds.
Premises Identification:
• The address numbers of the property or project location shall be plainly
visible and legible from the street or road fronting the property at the fire
apparatus access point or as otherwise approved.
Vehicle Parking:
•All vehicles shall be parked a minimum of 20 feet from new buildings
under construction.
Fire Protection Systems:
Area Separation Walls:
•When area separation walls are required, the wall construction shall be
completed (with all openings protected) immediately after the building is
sufficiently weather-protected at the location of the wall(s).
Fire Sprinkler Systems:
•For buildings of Type I or II noncombustible construction, activation of the

fire sprinkler system may be delayed until combustible finishes,
furnishings or equipment are installed, and the building or area is not
used for combustible storage or any other purpose.
•Protective caps may be installed on the active sprinklers during the

installation of drywall, texturing and painting, but shall be removed
immediately after this work is completed.
•For buildings equipped with fire sprinkler systems that are undergoing
alterations, the sprinkler system(s) shall remain in service at all times
except when system modifications are necessary.
•Fire sprinkler systems undergoing modifications shall be returned to

service at the end of each workday unless otherwise approved by the fire
department.
Fire Alarm Systems:
Fire alarm systems shall be maintained operational at all times during
building
alterations. When an alteration requires modification to a portion of the fire
alarm system, the portion of the system requiring work shall be isolated
and the remainder of the system shall be kept in service whenever
practical.
Fire Extinguishers:
Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided and shall be mounted on a wall
or post at each usable stairway and such that the travel distance to any
extinguisher does not exceed 75 feet. Mounting height to the top of the
extinguisher shall not exceed 5 feet.
Smoking:
Smoking is prohibited anywhere inside or on the roof of new buildings under
construction or in the project work area of buildings undergoing alteration. A
suitable number of 'No Smoking' signs shall be posted to ensure that
smoking is controlled.
Telephone Service:
Provisions shall be provided at the construction site for emergency
notification of the fire department via telephone. The street address of the
construction site shall be posted adjacent to the telephone, along with
the number for the public safety answering point.
Exit Requirements:
Minimum Number of Exits:
All new buildings under construction shall have a least one unobstructed
exit.
All exits shall be identified in the Fire Protection Plan.
Multi-Story Buildings:
Each level above the first story in new multi-story buildings shall be
provided with at least two usable exit stairs. The stairways shall be
continuous and discharge to grade level.
Assembly Points:
Designated exterior assembly points shall be established for all
construction personnel to relocate to upon evacuation. The assembly
points shall also be identified in the Fire Protection Plan.
Prevent fire occurring
Most construction fires have simple causes and can be dealt with by simple
precautions.
The following are particularly important:
•Make sure that LPG cylinders and other flammable materials are
properly stored. LPG should be stored outside buildings in well-ventilated
and secure areas. Flammable materials such as solvents and adhesives
should be stored in lockable steel containers;
•LPG supplies should be turned off at the cylinder when not in use.
This is particularly important out of hours. Serious explosions have occurred
after site huts have gradually filled with gas because an LPG heater has not
been turned off. Also make sure site huts are adequately ventilated and do
not keep LPG in them if it is not needed;
•Make sure that LPG equipment and fittings are properly maintained.
Damaged hoses and fittings or makeshift connections are extremely
dangerous because they can easily lead to leaks in tough construction
conditions;
•If there is any suspicion that LPG is leaking stop using it and check.
Leaks can be identified by hissing, smell or using soapy water, but never
with a naked flame. Only light up when you are certain that there are no
leaks and that any vapour which has leaked has dispersed;
•Follow clear rules for hot work such as welding. Formal permit-to-work
systems are often appropriate. In particular, make sure extinguishers are at
hand and that sparks or heat cannot set fire to surrounding materials. After
the work has finished (usually an hour later) check the worksite to make
sure that there is no smouldering;
•Keep a tidy site and make sure rubbish is cleared away promptly and
regularly;
•Avoid unnecessary stockpiling of combustible materials, e.g.
polystyrene, and store what is necessary away from ignition sources. Limit
what is taken onto site from the store to what is needed for a day's work;
•Consider the need for special precautions in areas where flammable
atmospheres may develop, such as the use of volatile solvents or
adhesives in enclosed areas;
•Avoid burning waste materials on site wherever possible. Never use
petrol or similar accelerant's to start or encourage fires;
•Make sure everyone abides by site rules on smoking.
•Site rules for preventing fire are useless unless they are followed.
Employers and construction managers should monitor their worksites and
take appropriate action when breaches are found
Fire prevention – in site – From Manufactures side:
Rigid polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foams will, if
ignited, release various products of combustion such
as smoke and gases that may be irritating, flammable
and/or toxic. As with other organic materials, such as
wood, the primary combustible gases are carbon
dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
Six Steps:
3RD HOUR

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1ST HOUR

ME1320 BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

To inform - about the refrigeration cycle,

To understand - the various types of air-conditioning systems available

To inform - cause of fire,

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

UNIT I BASIC REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES - 9

UNIT II REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND SYSTEMS

Vapor compression cycle – compressors – evaporators -

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

UNIT III AIR‑CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND

Centralized systems - Types - Packed air conditioning -

UNIT IV FIRE SAFETY ‑ GENERAL PROVISIONS 9

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

UNIT V FIRE DETECTION AND FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

UNIT IV FIRE SAFETY ‑ GENERAL PROVISIONS 9

Before going to the syllabus – An intro

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

What happened in the Great Fire?

-Temporary buildings - ill equipped and disease easily spread.

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Fires in residential house:

Home heating appliances:

Careless smoking habits:

Old, damaged and sub-standard electrical House wiring and accessories:

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Fires in residential house:

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Fires in residential apartment and commercial buildings

• Emergency evacuation plans: emergency exits in the building is top most

• Mock drills at regular intervals

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Electronic office equipment

Examples of such unsafe conditions are as follows:

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Fire and smoke spread in buildings:

When fire is confined inside buildings,

The smoke will also pass through any holes or

It moves rapidly up staircases or lift wells and

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

The heat from the building gets

The toxic smoke and gases are an

Common causes of fire and

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Sources of accidental fires:

ME 1320 - BUILDING SERVICES III

Consequences of fire are:

The main causes of all deaths were,

Building damage – can be very significant, particularly if the building materials

Flora and fauna damage – can be significant, particularly in a hot draught or