IMPACT OF POWER ELECTRONICS

ON

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

BY
V.D.VAIDYA

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RELIANCE PATALA GANGA

IN 1981

PHASE - I

2
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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400 KW INDUCTION MOTOR HAS TO BE INSTALLED FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSE.
DESIGN POINTS

WHERE
Ps = STARING CAPACITY OF LARGEST MOTOR

K = CURRENT RATIO OF MOTOR (STARTING CURRENT / RATED CURRENT)

C = REDUCED CURRENT RATIO OF MOTOR STARING CURRENT , 1 FOR DOL

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For 400 KW Motor
with K=7.2, Running P.F.=0.9, Efficiency=0.92

Starting Capacity of Motor (Ps ) = 3478.261 KVA

Motor With 415V, Starting current = 4839.117 A
Motor with 6.6 KV, Starting Current = 304.277 A

3MVA, 22/0.433KV Transformer Rated Secondary Current is 4173.739 A

Transformer Sizing for 400 KW Motor
Ps = Starting Capacity of Large Motor
h = Load efficiency
PM = Rated output of Largest Motor (KW)
Cos qS = Starting Power factor of largest Motor
%R = Percent resistance for transformer
%X = Percent reactance for transformer
e = Voltage Regulation of transformer
PT = Transformer rated capacity (KVA)

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MOTOR IS CONNECTED TO 6.6KV
SWITCH BOARD

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AS PER IS 2026 std-1977
1600 KVA Transformer
With in tolerance %R = 0.5
With in tolerance %X= 5
MOTOR Starting P.F. = 0.25

ℰ =10.81%

During starting or re acceleration of large

Motor under normal load running,
The Voltage Regulation at the Transformer
Secondary Terminals shall be 15% or less

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Cost Analysis
Considering the costs for following

22 KV Switch Board to Transformer 22 KV HT Cable of 3c x 400Sqmm

1600 KVA, 22/6.9 KV Transformer
Transformer secondary to 6.6 KV Switch Board 6.6KV HT Cable of 3C x
400Sqmm
6.6 KV Switch Board.

Approximately

In addition to equipment , allotted area and routing of the cable etc are the most
expensive.

Due to the high starting current , cost is effectively increased.

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 Slip Ring Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor Induction Motor
ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
Speed can be controlled easily Low cost, Long life
High efficiency
Excellent starting torque for high
inertia loads. Large ratings available
large number of standardized
Low starting current
types
Speed is resistance variable over LIMITATIONS
50% to 100% full speed.
Starting inrush current is high
LIMITATIONS causes additional voltage dip from
the source to the motor
Efficiency is low.
Speed control requires variable
Resistive loss during acceleration. frequency source

In this case, we have chosen Slip Ring IM to limit

starting current 9
SLIP RING (WOUND ROTOR) INDUCTION MOTOR

Typical Circuit diagram

Increasing the rotor resistance

Applied to wound-rotor (slip-ring) motors.
The rotor resistor(s) is (are) bypassed as the motor accelerates.
Starting current is reduced.
Starting torque is increased.
However, the projected speed reduces by raising
the rotor resistance.

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SLIP RING (WOUND ROTOR) INDUCTION MOTOR
TORQUE – CURRENT-SPEED CURVES

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As per the optimum design point of view,

SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR OF 400 KW IS INSTALLED.

NOTE:
IN 1981, SOFT STARTER IS UNAVAILABLE

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RELIANCE PATALA GANGA

IN 1985

PHASE - II

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

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DG Capacity = Starting KVA of Biggest Motor x Transient Reactance of DG x ( )

Where △V is the permissible momentary transient voltage dip (TVD)=0.15 or

15%

Actual Calculation of TVD =

Where Xid Transient Reactance of Selected DG

Xe Reciprocal of vectorial magnitude of Motor Start KVA
Transient Reactance of DG is 0.23 ( Approximately)

For 800 KW Motor Required DG Capacity = 9268.68 KVA

For 1150 KW Motor Required DG Capacity= 13322.96 KVA

Selected Total DG Capacity for 800 KW is 10000 KVA

1150 KW is 15000 KVA

Actual Transient Voltage Dip for 800 KW is 14.5%

Actual Transient Voltage Dip for 1150 KW is 13.5%

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1150 KW and 800 KW motors are connected to 6.6 KV Bus fed
from DGs as shown below

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•All DGs cannot start simultaneously.
•Motor has to start immediately, for continuous operations.
•Solution for this to start the motor with Auto Transformer Starter

Auto Transformer Starter

The motor terminal voltage is not a function of load current and
remains constant during the acceleration time

Due to the turn ratio advantages the primary line current is less
than the secondary motor currents. A three-coil autotransformer is
connected in a wye configuration and connected to the motor in
such a way as to supply reduced voltage to the motor when the line
voltage is applied to Autotransformer.

 Taps are provided different values of reduced voltage

( NEMA standards are 80%,65% and 50% of the full line voltage)

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Auto Transformer Starter Circuit Diagram

Advantages:
For hard to start loads, adjustable starting torque, can be used
with any standard motors and less strain on the motor.

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RELIANCE PATALA GANGA

IN 1993

PHASE - III

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Series reactor LINE DIAGRAM

The reactor is connected in

series
with the stator windings.
The starting current is limited
by increasing the motor
impedance.
The torque is reduced, due to the
voltage drop across the reactor.
The reactor has to sustain the
starting current.
The reactor is bypassed after the
acceleration period is over.

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Depending on the motor kW rating & application the drive
selections should be done
Before Selecting any motor for application the motor torque curve
& load torque requirement should be matched

 Soft
Starter
 VFD.

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Soft starter
Reduced voltage is applied through U V W
controlled ac chopper.
Provides improved controllability during
starting.
The voltage is ramped up by controlling
of the solid-state switches.
The switches are controlled such that
the current is limited to 3-5p.u.
The solid-state switches are bypassed
after the motor reaches the rated speed
to avoid switching losses.
M
3~

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Soft Starter Features:
A)    Control Methods
Torque Control -  Start / Stop Ramp
Torque control, quadratic
Pump Application Control (Start & Stop)
Jog Forward & Reverse
Dynamic vector braking (Dynamic DC-Brake)
Reverse current braking (Soft brake)
Zero speed shut off without sensor
B)    Protection
Over and Under voltage protection
Voltage imbalance protection
Phase reversal protection
Phase loss protection
Thermal overload protection
Shaft power protection Max and Min
Limit number of starts per hour
C) Keypad Display
D) I/O Interface 23
24
VFD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 VFD Working Principle

Adjustable-speed drives for ac motors, control the frequency and

voltage of the motor to adjust its speed.

Disadvantages:
High cost: Not recommended when speed adjustment is not needed.

Harmonics are injected into the motor. Special motors are required (e.g.
with forced ventilation, bigger frame sizes, higher insulation levels, …).

VFDs are nonlinear loads and draw non-sinusoidal currents from the grid.

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 Comparison between Soft starter and VFD

Soft starters are usually current or voltage controlled, not

frequency
Soft starters do not have the ability to control speed
Soft starters will have significant price benefits
Soft starters will have a smaller foot print on larger HP
application

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 Conclusion

Power Electronics optimize the system performance and

reliability and Cost
Reduce the need for large area and equipments.

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THANK YOU

by
V.D.VAIDYA

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