TRANSR

APID
MANGL
EV
BY– ISHAAN
GUPTA
ECE-123
03914802810
 OUTLINE
Transrapid working

Cryogen Working

Parts and Principle

Germany vs. Japan

Advantages

Impacts

Summary

References
 w Maglev Typ
T es
o scale speed
Full
500 km/hr
 Types
M S
E
Magnetic attraction
Servo-Controlled
Electromagnets
Iron-plate rail
 DS
E
Magnetic repulsion
Superconducting
Induction
Cryogenic
EMS system: The German Trans-Rapid TR08
demonstration train and 30 kilometer test track, with
operating speeds up to 450 km/hr.
EDS system: The Japanese Yamanashi
demonstration train, with speeds of 500 km/hr on a
18 kilometer test track.
Maglev
working
•The magnets on
the side
=> Sharper turns
An on-Board
Master computer
=> Efficient
Levitation
Propulsio
n System
Three Phase Motor GUIDE-WAY
• The system consists of aluminum three-phase cable
windings in stator packs on guide way.
• When current is supplied to the windings, it creates a
traveling alternating current that propels the train.
• When AC is reversed, the train brakes.
• Different speeds are achieved by varying the intensity of
the current.
• Only a section of track of train travel area is electrified.
The Japanese maglev uses
superconducting magnets
Lateral Guidance
•The super
conducting magnet
induces repulsive-
attractive forces
keeping the train in
the center of the
guide way.
The German Trans-Rapid
Maglev
The Japanese Yamanashi
 i s s -
Sw
t r o
Me CONTACTLESS ENERGY
TRANSFER SYSTEM

LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTOR

AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM

MAGNETIC LEVITATION
INDUCTOR
EMERGENCY GUIDANCE
EMERGENCY PAVEMENT
AND BRAKING SYSTEM
 Inductrack System

Lock./07
 y s t e m
a ck S
d uc t r
T h e In
Optimizes levitation efficiency
Uses Halbach magnetinc arrays
Uses a passive track and permanent magnets
Attains levitation at lower speeds
 End view of Halbach array on moving car

Upper conductors of short ed levitation circuits in track

 Fraction of Maximum Levitation Force vs Speed

1.0

0.8
Fraction of Maximum Lift Force

0.6

Transition speed (1.2 km/hr)

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Speed (km/hr)
Carbon fiber cradle was designed using ANSYS

Ribs needed to withstand

the repulsive force caused
by the magnets and
induced
current

65-cm

Locations of each
5-magnet Halbach array
(same front and back)
Cradle weight = 3.5 kg
Magnet weight = 5.5 kg
 DRIVE &
LEVITATI
ON
COILS IN
TRAC ONE OF 6 MAGNETS
K (3 FRONT, 3 BACK)
C-FIBER THAT PROVIDE
CRADL LEVITATION
AND CENTERING
E ITH
W FORCES
RIBS
TO
SUPPORT FORCE
MAGNETIC GUIDE RAILS TO
PREVENT
MAGNETS FROM
FIBERGLASS I-BEAM
HITTING
TRACK PRIOR TO
LEVITATION

STEEL BOX BEAM

 Lift/Drag Ratio for Inductrack and for Conducting Plate
(Wavelength of Halbach array = 1.0 m.)
450

400

350

300
Inductrack ( K = 3.0 Newtons/Watt)
Lift/Drag

250

Conv. rails @ 250 km/hr

200
(aero. not included)
150

Inductrack (L = 0)
100

50 Conducting plate

Jet airplane
0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Speed (km/hr)

Lock./19
The levitation and drag forces of the Inductrack can be
analyzed using circuit theory and Maxwell’s equations

Induced voltage :
dI
V  L  RI  0 cos(t )
dt

Induced current (steady state) :

0  1 
I(t) =  sin(t )  ( R / L) cos(t )
L 1 ( R / L ) 
2
 To analyze the Inductrack we start with the equations
for the magnetic field components of a Halbach array

B x  B0 sin(kx) exp[k(y 1  y)]

B y  B 0 cos(kx) exp[k(y 1  y)]

sin( / M)
B 0  Br [1  exp(kd)]
 /M
Br = Remanent field (Tesla),
M = no. of magnets/wavelength.
d(m) = thickness of Halbach array magnets,
k = 2π/l
Integrating Bx in y gives the flux linked by the Inductrack
circuits and yields equations for the Lift and Drag forces

B 20 w 2 1
Fy  2
exp(2ky 1) Newtons/circuit
2kL 1 (R / L)

B 20 w 2 (R / L)
Fx  2
exp(2ky 1) Newtons/circuit
2kL 1 (R / L)

w = width of Halbach array,

L,R = circuit induct./resistance
Dividing <Fy > by <Fx > yields an equation for the Lift-to-
Drag ratio as a function of the track circuit parameters.

Lift L 2v  L 
   
Drag R   R 

The Lift/Drag ratio increases linearly with velocity,

and with the L/R ratio of the Inductrack track
circuits.
 The levitation efficiency (Newtons/Watt) can be determined
directly from the equation for the Lift/Drag ratio

Since P  Fx v, the equation

for the levitation efficiency is:

Fy 2 L 
K  Newtons/Watt
P  
R 


Typical K values: K=1.0 to 5.0, depending on track design

Applicatio
n
InfoComm
Safety
•Virtually
impossible to
derail.
•Collisions
between trains
unlikely
Maintenance
• Contactless
journey..
SO,
NEARLY NO
MAINTAINA
NCE!!
Comfort
•The ride at nearly
500km/hr is smooth
while not sudden
accelerating.
(Which, is also
unlikely!)
Economic Efficiency
•The initial investment similar but
operating expenses are half.
•Can take 200-1000 passengers in single
run
•The linear
generators
produce
electricity for
the cabin of the
train.
Speed
•Can travel at about 300
mph.
•For trips of distances up
to 500 miles its total travel
time is equal to a planes
•It can accelerate to 200
mph in 3 miles.
=>ideal for short jumps.
Environment
ADVANTAGE
FUEL SPEED FUEL
S

AT
USES LESS
1/5 OF JET 200KM/HR-
ENEGY
>1L

AT
LESS FUEL
1/3 OF CAR 300KM/HR-
USED
>2L
5-10 ft Levitation

Allows small animals to pass under

10-27 ft Levitation

Allows medium animals to pass under

50ft Levitation

Allows large animals, humans to pass

MagLev vs. Conventional Trains
MagLev Trains Conventional Trains
No Friction = Less Routine Maintenance
Maintenance Needed
No Engine = No fuel Engine requires fossil
required fuels

Speeds in excess of Speeds up to 110 mph

300 mph
Summary
 Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains have been under development for
many years in Germany and Japan for high-speed rail systems.
 Maglev would offer many advantages as compared to conventional rail
systems or inter-city air travel.
 The cost and complexity of presently developed high-speed maglev trains
has slowed their deployment.
 The Inductrack maglev system, employing simple arrays of permanent
magnets, may offer an economic alternative to existing maglev systems.
 The simplicity of the Inductrack may make it attractive for use in a variety
of applications, including urban maglev systems, people movers, and
point-to-point shipment of high-value freight
 The Inductrack, employing Halbach arrays, is an example of a practical
application of the results of fundamental studies in magnetics and particle-
accelerator physics.
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