Energy Conservation (Bernoulli’s Equation)

2 dp 2 2
Integration of Euler’s equation 
1
  VdV   gdz  0
 1 1

2
p1 V1 p2 V22
Bernoulli’s equation   gz1    gz2
 2  2

Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant

x Under the action of the pressure, the fluid element
p
moves a distance x within time t
A The work done per unit time W/t (flow power) is

W pAx  p  x P
    A  AV  ,
t t    t 
p  1  W 
     work done per unit mass flow rate
  AV  t 
 Energy Conservation (cont.)
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
  z1    z 2 , where   g (energy per unit weight)
 2g  2g
It is valid for incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline,
no energy loss due to friction, no heat transfer.
Examples: Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux
from the circular hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the
1 water tank (at this instant). The tank is open to the
atmosphere
and H=4 m p1 = p2, V1=0
H

V2  2 g ( z1  z2 )  2 gH
 2 * 9.8 * 4  8.85 (m / s )
2

m  AV  1000 * (0.1) 2 (8.85)
4
 69.5 (kg / s )
 Energy Equation(cont.)
Example: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate
the time required to drain the tank to level 2.
1 First, choose the control volume as enclosed
by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water
h(t) level as a function of time.

From Bernoulli' s equation, V = 2gh

dm
2 From mass conservation,   Ahole V
4 dt
4
dh Ahole (0.1) 2
3 since m  Atan k h,  V 2 2 gh
water height (m)

dt Atan k 1
h( t ) 2
dh dh
 0.0443 h ,  0.0443dt, integrate
1 dt h
2.5e-007
0 h(t) = H  0.0215t, h  0, tdrain  93 sec.
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 t 100
time (sec.)
 Energy conservation (cont.)
Energy added, hA
Generalized energy concept:
(ex. pump, compressor)
2
p1 V1
2 p2 V2
  z1   z2
 2g  2g

Energy extracted, hE Energy loss, hL

hL
(ex. turbine, windmill) (ex. friction, valve, expansion)
loss through
valves
heat exchanger
hA hE

pump turbine

hL, friction loss

hL
through pipes
loss through
condenser elbows
 Energy conservation(cont.)
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
Extended Bernoulli's equation,   z1  hA  hE  hL    z2
 2g  2g
Examples: Determine the efficiency of the pump if the power input of the motor
is measured to be 1.5 hp. It is known that the pump delivers 300 gal/min of water.
6-in dia. pipe 4-in dia.pipe hE=hL=0, z1=z2
1 2
Q=300 gal/min=0.667 ft3/s=AV
pump
zo V1=Q/A1=3.33 ft/s
V2=Q/A2=7.54 ft/s
Z=15 in kinetic energy head gain
V22  V12 (7.54) 2  (3.33)2
  0.71 ft,
2g 2 * 32.2
Mercury (m=844.9 lb/ft3)
p1   w zo   m z  p2   w zo   w z
water (w=62.4 lb/ft3)
1 hp=550 lb-ft/s p2  p1  ( m   w )z
 (844.9  62.4) * 1.25  97813
. lb / ft 2
 Energy conservation (cont.)
Example (cont.)
Pressure head gain:
p2  p1 978.13
  15.67 ( ft )
w 62.4
p2  p1 V22  V12
pump work hA    16.38( ft )
w 2g
Flow power delivered by pump
P =  w QhA  (62.4)(0.667)(16.38)
 681.7( ft  lb / s)
1hp  550 ft  lb / s
P  1.24hp
P 1.24
Efficiency  =   0.827  82.7%
Pinput 1.5
 Frictional losses in piping system
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
Extended Bernoulli's equation,   z1  hA  hE  hL    z2
 2g  2g
p1  p2 p
  hL  frictional head loss
P1  
P2 R: radius, D: diameter
L: pipe length
Consider a laminar, fully developed circular pipe flow w: wall shear stress

[ p  ( p  dp)](R 2 )   w (2R)dx,
w Pressure force balances frictional force
p P+dp 2 w
 dp  dx, integrate from 1 to 2
R
p p1  p2 4 F I F IFV I 2

HK HKG H2g JK
L L
Darcy’s Equation:   hL  w  f
  g D D
Ff IFV I where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
2
w 
H4K
G
H2 JKpressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
64  VD
f  , by recognizing that Re  , as Reynolds number
VD 
64
Therefore, f  , frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Re
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
f  F(Re). Another parameter that influences the friction is the surface

roughness as relativeto the pipe diameter .
D
F  I: Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
H DK
Such that f  F Re,

number and the relative roughness of pipe.

This relation is sketched in the Moody diagram as shown in the following page.
The diagram shows f as a function of the Reynolds number (Re), with a series of
F I.
parametric curves related to the relative roughness
HD K
 Energy Conservation (cont.)
Energy: E=U(internal thermal energy)+Emech (mechanical energy)
=U+KE(kinetic energy)+PE(potential energy)
Work: W=Wext(external work)+Wflow(flow work)
Heat: Q heat transfer via conduction, convection & radiation

dE=dQ-dW, dQ>0 net heat transfer in dE>0 energy increase and vice versa
dW>0, does positive work at the expense of decreasing energy, dE<0

U=mu, u(internal energy per unit mass), KE=(1/2)mV2, PE=mgz

Wflow=m(p/)

V2 F
G I
HJK
p
Energy flow rate: m(u
 +  gz ) plus Flow work rate m

2 
p V2 p V2
Flow energy in  m in (u    gz )in , Energy out = m out (u    gz )out
 2  2

Their difference is due to external heat transfer and work done on flow
 Energy Conservation (cont.)
Heat in q=dQ/dt
2
p V p V2
min (u  
  gz )in m in (u    gz )out
 2  2

Work out dW/dt

From mass conservation: m in  m out  m

From the First law of Thermodynamics (Energy Conservation):
dQ p V2 p V2 dW
 m (u    gz )in  m (u    gz )out  , or
dt  2  2 dt
dQ V2 V2 dW
 m( h 
  gz )in  m(h 
  gz )out 
dt 2 2 dt
p
where h  u  is defined as "enthaply"

 Energy Conservation(cont.)
Example: Superheated water vapor is entering the steam turbine with a mass
flow rate of 1 kg/s and exhausting as saturated steam as shown. Heat loss from
the turbine is 10 kW under the following operating condition. Determine the
power output of the turbine.
P=1.4 Mpa From superheated vapor table:
T=350 C hin=3149.5 kJ/kg
V=80 m/s 2 2
z=10 m dQ V V dW
10 kw  m ( h   gz ) in  m
 ( h   gz ) out 
dt 2 2 dt
dW
 ( 10)  (1)[(3149.5  2748.7)
dt
80 2  50 2 (9.8)(10  5)
  ]
2(1000) 1000
P=0.5 Mpa  10  400.8  1.95  0.049
100% saturated steam
 392.8( kW )
V=50 m/s
z=5 m
From saturated steam table: hout=2748.7 kJ/kg